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清季改良与革命之争背后,实际上隐含着两种自由观念的对抗。两种自由观念皆受西洋“Liberty”学说刺激而形成,但具体指向以及实现方式截然不同。改良论者受儒家修身养性传统的影响,始终从自主、自治角度理解个人自由,认为政治自由必须与民智相配匹,故而倾向渐进性改革;革命论者以西洋自然权利学说为知识背景,将自由理解为个人天生的权利,且个人权利只有在民权立宪政体之下始能实现,故而倾向激进性革命。对于自由的不同理解催生了不同政治理念,进而又影响了各自不同的政治选择。
Behind the dispute between the reform and the revolution in the Qing Dynasty, in fact, there are two confrontations of concepts of freedom implied. Both kinds of freedom ideas are stimulated by the Western “Liberty” doctrine, but the specific directions and the ways of realization are different. Reformists, influenced by Confucian self-cultivation and nourishing traditions, always understand individual freedom from the angle of autonomy and self-government. They think that political freedom must match with people’s wisdom and therefore tend to reform gradually. Revolutionist, based on the theory of Western natural rights, Is a natural right of the individual, and individual rights can only be realized under the constitutional civil rights constitutional government. Therefore, they are inclined to a radical revolution. Different understandings of freedom have given rise to different political ideas, which in turn have affected their different political options.