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随着欧洲资本主义制度的建立、资本主义经济的飞速发展,功利主义应运而并逐步发展,为工业资产阶级提供了思想武器。边沁作为功利主义学说的创立者,主张道德的最高准则就是使最大多数人获得最大幸福,并提出痛苦和快乐是可计算的。在边沁的功利主义幸福观受到多方驳斥时,密尔试以更加人性化和减少算计的方式来完善功利主义。这在一定程度上丰富了功利主义思想,但与此同时密尔的学说也存在一定程度的纰漏。本文通过读桑德尔《公正》一书,试图对边沁和密尔的功利主义幸福观进行梳理,并提出一些思考。
With the establishment of the capitalist system in Europe and the rapid development of the capitalist economy, utilitarianism has evolved over time and gradually developed, providing ideological weapons to the industrial bourgeoisie. As the founder of utilitarianism, Bentham claims that the highest moral principle is to maximize the happiness of the greatest majority, and to suggest that pain and happiness are computable. When Bentham’s utilitarianism concept of happiness was repeatedly refuted, Mill tried to perfect utilitarianism in a more humane and less calculating way. To a certain extent, this enriched utilitarianism, but at the same time Mill’s doctrine also had some flaws. This article tries to sort out the utilitarian views of happiness in Bentham and Mill by reading Sandor’s “Justice” and put forward some thoughts.