通常认为,中国的现代化自19世纪以来至今,经历过四次大规模的政府主导的现代化运动:洋务运动时期到新政革命、1911年民国建立后到1949年、1949年到1978年、1978年后改革开放至今[1]。在这四个现代化阶段中,中国主要学习的直接对象先是欧洲,然后是日本,再往后是苏联,最后是欧美。 It is generally believed that China’s modernization has undergone four large-scale government-led modernization campaigns since the 19th century till now: the period of the Westernization Movement to the revolution of the New Deal, the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911 to 1949, 1949 to 1978, and 1978 Since the reform and opening up [1]. In these four stages of modernization, the direct objects of China’s major learning were Europe, then Japan, then the Soviet Union and, finally, Europe and the United States.