在小型低温制冷机的发展过程中,往往发生这种情况:某种应用要求研制出一种新型制冷机,而这种新型制冷机一旦问世,又为新的应用大开了方便之门。柯林斯氦液化器就是一个众所周知的例子,它是作为实验室用液化器这样非常小的市场而研制的,可是,当时这种唯一装置的研制成功,却引起了它在研制前所意想不到的许多新应用。另一个例子是焦耳——汤姆逊冷却器,它是为军用红外探测系统研制的,但很快它却以稍 This is often the case in the development of small cryogenic refrigerators: a certain application requires the development of a new type of refrigerator, which, once new, opens the door to new applications. A well-known example is the Collins helium liquefier, which was developed as a very small market for laboratory liquefiers, but the successful development of the only device at that time caused much of its unexpected development New application Another example is the Joule-Thomson cooler, which was developed for military infrared detection systems but quickly