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水电开发的反对者们一直非常关注水电站水库的温室气体（ＧＨＧ）排放。由加拿大魁北克水电局和芬兰的ＫｅｒｎｉｊｏｋｉＯｙ联合实施的研究表明，除少数异常的工程外，大多数水电工程的ＧＨＧ排放量都很低。若世界上经济可行的水电蕴藏量的一半得到开发即可减少１３％的ＧＨＧ排放，并对避免ＳＯ２排放有更大的作用。
Opponents of hydropower development have been very much concerned about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from hydropower reservoirs. Research conducted by the Quebec Hydro Power in Canada and KernijokiOy in Finland shows that most hydroelectric projects have very low GHG emissions except for a few exceptions. Half of the world’s economically viable hydropower reserves are exploited to reduce GHG emissions by 13% and have a greater impact on avoiding SO2 emissions.