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传统的教学受行为主义学习理论的影响,把教学看作从教师到学习者的信息传递的过程,认为信息的呈现方式影响着学习的结果。因此,教学的艺术变成了信息呈现的艺术。认知理论则将学习者看做是使用各种策略存储和提取知识的信息处理器,学习者通过各种学习活动帮助自己处理信息。这些活动能帮助学习者更有效地获取、组织和记忆知识。如何促进高效的、有意义的学习?有效的策略之一,就是在新的概念和学习者已有的认知结构之间建立连接。研究显示,概念地图就是这种策略的极好例子。
Traditional teaching is influenced by the theory of behavioralism learning, and teaching is regarded as the process of information transfer from teacher to learner. It is believed that the presentation of information affects the results of learning. Therefore, the art of teaching becomes the art of information presentation. Cognitive theory treats learners as information processors that store and extract knowledge using various strategies. Learners help themselves with information through various learning activities. These activities can help learners to acquire, organize, and remember knowledge more effectively. How to promote effective and meaningful learning One of the effective strategies is to establish a connection between new concepts and learners’ existing cognitive structures. Research shows that conceptual maps are an excellent example of this strategy.