二十世纪,生物技术为抗生素的工业发酵生产提供了基础。然而,尽管发酵产量有了很大提高,但抗生素生物合成机制了解还不够。研究分离的抗生素合成过程中编码酶的基因,是加深了解的重要步骤。工业上发酵生产抗生素已建有一个完整体系,但对产生菌的生物合成和控制这些微生物代谢产物产生的分子机理的基础研究还很欠缺。因为抗生素生物合成的研究进展很缓慢,其部分原因是参与生物合成酶类的本身不稳定之故,所以,对β-内酰胺类(青霉素、头孢菌素、cephamycin、carbapenems、monobactams)来说,虽与青霉素、头孢菌素及cephamycins的生物合成有关的一些 In the twentieth century, biotechnology provided the basis for the industrial fermentation of antibiotics. However, although the yield of fermentation has been greatly increased, understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of antibiotics is not enough. Studying isolated genes that encode enzymes during antibiotic synthesis is an important step toward understanding. There is a complete system for industrial production of antibiotics by fermentation, but there is still a lack of basic research on the biosynthesis of microorganisms and the molecular mechanism controlling the production of these microbial metabolites. Because of the slow progress of antibiotic biosynthesis research, due in part to the instability of the biosynthetic enzymes themselves, so for β-lactams (cephalosporins, cephamycin, carbapenems, monobactams) Although some of the biosynthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and cephamycins