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自60年代发现甲胎蛋白(AFP)及癌胚抗原(CEA)以来,:有许多人类恶性病变的标记物用来发现并定位癌肿及监测治疗效果。目前肿瘤标记物包括肿瘤胎抗原(oncofetaantigens)、胎盘蛋白、激素、酶、儿茶酚胺代谢物等。肿瘤标记物一般由恶性细胞合成,并释放至血流中;也可由于肿瘤直接侵犯或代谢改变为宿主组织反应所产生。理论上讲,肿瘤标记物有许多临床用途,如肿瘤的早期发现、区别良性与恶性,检查病变范围、监测对肿瘤治疗的效果、预测肿瘤复发等。虽有许多肿瘤标记物成功地用于此目的,但现在尚未发现应用安全,敏感性、特异性均较强的肿瘤标记物。
Since the discovery of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the 1960s, there have been many markers of human malignancy that have been used to discover and locate cancers and to monitor their effectiveness. Current tumor markers include oncofeta antigens, placental proteins, hormones, enzymes, catecholamine metabolites, and the like. Tumor markers are generally synthesized by malignant cells and released into the blood stream; they can also be caused by direct tumor invasion or metabolic changes to host tissue reactions. In theory, tumor markers have many clinical applications, such as early detection of tumors, benign and malignant distinctions, examination of the extent of disease, monitoring of the effect of tumor treatment, and prediction of tumor recurrence. Although many tumor markers have been successfully used for this purpose, no safe, sensitive and specific tumor markers have yet been found.