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新发现的黑水城出土的两件西夏文众会契(社条)提供了中国古代新的社邑资料,表明西夏时期社会基层存在民间互助的结社组织。本文对两件文书做了初步翻译和注释,并分析其形式和内容,论述了立约时间、具体条款及其特点。其成员为自愿参加,规定成员定期聚会,对有病和死亡者要探视或送粮的措施,体现出教化和互助的功能。还规定对会众中违法犯罪的处罚,起到了辅助稳定封建社会秩序的作用。规定对违反条款者要给予缴纳粮食的处罚,在众会契末要签署画押,表明其组织管理比较严格。同时与敦煌文书中的社条进行比较,指出其注重简明、实用,弱化了伦理纲常的说教,可能还增添了多民族的内容。
The newly discovered two Western Xia culture congregations (Haishu) unearthed in Heishui City provided information on the new social etiquette in ancient China, indicating that there was a non-governmental social organization at the grassroots level during the Western Xia Dynasty. This article makes a preliminary translation and annotation of the two instruments, analyzes its form and content, discusses the contractual time, the specific provisions and its characteristics. Its members volunteered to provide members with regular gatherings and measures to visit or send food to diseased and deceased persons, demonstrating the functions of enlightenment and mutual assistance. It also stipulates that the punishment of crimes in the congregation serves as a supplement to stabilize the social order in feudal society. Provisions on the violation of the provisions of the grain to be given to pay the punishment, the congregation will sign a painting detention, indicating that its organization and management more stringent. At the same time, it is compared with the social articles in Dunhuang documents, pointing out that its emphasis on conciseness, practicality and weakening of the doctrines of ethical guidelines may also add to the content of multi-ethnicity.