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碘是人体必需的微量元素之一，它的主要生理作用是合成甲状腺激素，甲状腺激素参与机体发育及代谢。尽管中国已经实现了消除碘缺乏病（IDD）的目标，但民众忽视环境普遍缺碘的现象，出现对碘过量摄入的焦虑。减少碘盐的食用，这可能导致IDD卷土重来，特别对孕妇、哺乳期妇女、青少年和儿童等高危人群危害巨大。俄罗斯是地理环境缺碘的国家，2019年被全球碘营养联盟（IGN）评估为世界第三严重的IDD流行国家，且俄罗斯居民的实际平均碘消耗量约为世界卫生组织（WHO）制定的最低标准的1/3以下。与俄罗斯相比，中国做到了消除IDD，这可能得益于加碘盐的落实和实时有效的监测系统的应用。因此，本文对中俄两国IDD的监测及防治策略进行了比较，以期相互学习，提高中俄国民的IDD防治意识，做到正确、科学、精准补碘。“,”Iodine is one of the essential trace elements for human body. Its main physiological function is to synthesize thyroid hormones, which are involved in the development and metabolism of the body. Although China has achieved the goal of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), people ignore the general iodine deficiency in the environment, and they are worried about excessive iodine intake and reduce the consumption of iodized salt. This may lead to a comeback of IDD, especially in high-risk groups such as pregnant women, breastfeeding women, adolescents and children. Russia is a geographically iodine-deficient country either. Russia was assessed by Iodine Global Network (IGN) as the third most severely iodine-deficiency country in 2019, and the actual average iodine consumption of Russian residents was less than 1/3 of the minimum standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Compared with Russia, China has basically eliminated IDD due to implementation of iodized salt and application of real-time and effective monitoring systems. Therefore, this paper compares the monitoring and prevention strategies of IDD between China and Russia, in order to learn from each other and improve the citizens' awareness of prevention and control of IDD in China and Russia, and to achieve correct, scientific and precise iodine supplementation.