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灾害救助是综合灾害风险防范体系的重要组成部分,与常规灾害救助不同,特别重大自然灾害救助受灾害类型的影响更大。以汶川地震、西南特大连旱为案例分析发现,这两种特大灾害救助在下列几方面存在异同:(1)救助物资需求方面,突发性特大灾害救助存在瞬时物资需求峰值及恢复重建物资长期需求2个时间节点,而渐发性灾害救助主要是中长期物资需求;(2)救助对象多样性方面,突发性特大灾害承灾体类型的多样性导致救助对象多元化明显,而渐发性灾害救助对象往往集中于某一特定领域及其衍生的部分领域,多元化相对较低;(3)灾后救助方面,突发性特大灾害更需要统筹各类救助政策或措施,甚至创新性地提出一批新的政策来确保长期救助的有效性;(4)灾害领域热点概念——弹性、脆弱性、恢复性等相关理论可对上述3个异同点进行较好地解释。研究成果可为丰富灾害救助理论、完善特别重大自然灾害救助制度提供理论依据。
Disaster relief is an important part of the comprehensive disaster risk prevention system. Unlike the conventional disaster relief, the disaster of special nature and natural disasters is more affected by the disaster type. Taking Wenchuan earthquake and Southwest Dalian as a case study, it is found that there are similarities and differences between the two kinds of catastrophic catastrophes in the following aspects: (1) In terms of the demand for salvage materials, there is a spike in demand for instantaneous natural resources and recovery and reconstruction of long- Demand for two time nodes, and gradually disaster relief aid is mainly medium and long-term demand for materials; (2) diversification of rescue objects, sudden catastrophic catastrophe disaster caused by the diversity of disaster-tolerant diversification obvious, and gradually Disaster relief objects tend to be concentrated in a particular area and its derivative parts of the field, the diversification is relatively low; (3) disaster relief, the sudden catastrophic disaster more need to co-ordinate various rescue policies or measures, or even innovative Propose a series of new policies to ensure the effectiveness of long-term relief; (4) The hot topics in the field of disaster - resilience, vulnerability, resilience and other related theories can better explain the three similarities and differences. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for enriching the theory of disaster relief and improving the relief system of special major natural disasters.