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随着全球文化财产犯罪形势的日趋严峻,中国在保护文化财产、打击文化财产跨境非法贩运方面的制度缺陷问题日益突显。相比之下,美国近年来在执行联合国教科文组织“1970年公约”打击文化财产非法贩运的过程中进行了一系列法治探索和努力,在非法贩运文化财产的进口规则、民事没收与返还以及对文化财产原属国所有权法律的认定和执行等问题上积累了丰富而有益的经验。本文对应中国所需,以美国有益经验为参考、以其不足为借鉴,为中国执行“1970年公约”的国内立法和司法提供参考与借鉴,并对《文物保护法》相关条款的修订有所裨益。
With the crime situation of global cultural property becoming more and more serious, the system defects of China in protecting cultural property and countering the cross-border illegal trafficking of cultural property have become increasingly prominent. In contrast, in recent years, the United States conducted a series of exploration and efforts in the rule of law in implementing the UNESCO Convention on the 1970 Convention against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property. The United States has adopted a series of rules and regulations on the import of illicit trafficking in cultural property, Return and the recognition and enforcement of the law of the ownership of cultural property in the original country, and so on, has accumulated rich and useful experience. This article, which is suitable for China, refers to the useful experience of the United States and draws lessons from its insufficiency, and provides reference and reference for the domestic legislation and judicature of China in implementing the 1970 Convention. It also revises the relevant clauses of the “Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics” Benefit.