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Abstract Aiming at the problems of low standardization， unstable quality and low commodity rate of facility watermelon cultivation technology in Beijing， to meet the demand for highquality and standardized supply capacity of the watermelon industry， the technical regulations for facility watermelon production in Beijing area were formulated， mainly including the environmental conditions of the producing area， cultivation techniques， pest control and harvesting. This regulation can provide a reference for the standardization of facility watermelon production.
Key words Watermelon; Facility; Production; Technical regulations; Beijing
The watermelon industry is one of the pillar industries for the development of modern agriculture in China. It plays an important role in optimizing agricultural structure， increasing farmers income， improving peoples living quality， and promoting social and economic development. As a traditional advantageous crop in Beijing， watermelon has the characteristics of outstanding variety leadership， wide range of technical applications， obvious regional planting characteristics， outstanding leisure and picking functions， and wellknown brands across the country， and its yield per unit area and quality are at the national leading level. However， because the production organization is family， it is prone to problems such as uneven technical levels， unstable product standards and quality， constantly prominent conflicts between supply and demand， and low resource utilization， which affect the development of the industry[1-4]. Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station conducted relevant experimental research and promotion of facility watermelon production technology in response to the above issues， and formulated technical regulations for facility watermelon production （project number： 20171092， the final examination has been completed）， which satisfies farmers demand for high efficiency and labor saving， thereby promoting industrial upgrading in the watermelon industry. This technology can provide a reference for the standardization of facility watermelon production.
Application Range
This standard specifies the technical requirements for environmental conditions， cultivation techniques， pest control， and harvesting of facility watermelon production technology. This standard applies to the cultivation of watermelon in Beijing.
Terms and Definitions
Selfrooted seedlings： Melon seedlings are directly raised with watermelon seeds. Grafted seedlings： Melon seedlings are cultivated by grafting to rootstocks. Grafting： The process is to connect a part of a watermelon plant to an appropriate position of a rootstock， to make the two heal into a new symbiotic body. Scion： A scion refers to the plant part which has no root system and is grafted at the upper position during grafting. Rootstock： A rootstock refers to the plant part that has a root system and bears the scion during grafting. Cultivation density： It refers to the number of watermelon plants planted in 667 m2. Pruning： The process is to artificially retain or remove vines. Pollination： It stands for the process that pollen falls to the female stigma by external force. Environment of producing area
It should meet the requirements of NY/T 5010， that is， it is necessary to choose sandy loam or loam which is loose and fertile and has high terrain， convenient drainage and irrigation and deep soil layer.
Cultivation Techniques
Facility types
The cultivation facilities should be greenhouses or plastic arches.
Variety selection
It is better to choose watermelon varieties with high quality， high yield， strong resistance to cracking and stress， and good commerciality. For rootstocks， varieties with good affinity， strong stress resistance and no adverse effects on fruit quality are better.
Seedling raising and grafting
Seedling raising
① Seedling raising method： It is better to raise seedlings with aperture disks or nutrition bowls. The aperture disks should have 32 or 50 holes， and the nutrition bowls should be 8-10 cm in diameter and 8-10 cm in height. ② Nutrient soil and substrate： For the nutrient soil， it is better to prepare it with pollutionfree garden soil that has not been planted with plants in Cucurbitaceae and highquality fermented organic fertilizer at a ratio of 3∶ 1 by mixing， adding diammonium phosphate at a rate of 1.0 kg/m3and 50% carbendazim WP at 25 g/m3， mixing and standing for 2-3 d; and the substrate is suitable to be the mixture of pollutionfree turf， vermiculite and perlite， which is added with NPK balanced compound fertilizer at 1.2 kg/m3 and 50% carbendazim WP at 25 g/m3， followed by mixing and standing for 2-3 d.③ Seedbed： The seedbed should be flat with a width of 100-120 cm and a depth of 15-20 cm. The surface of the seedbed is leveled， and the wall is straight. In winter and spring， 80-120W/m2 heat coils are laid on the surface and then covered with 2 cm of soil. The aperture disks and nutrition bowls are arranged on the ground， and for raising seedlings in aperture disks， elevated seedbed also can be used. Unsterilized seeds should be soaked in warm water or disinfected by chemicals. And seedless watermelon seeds should be treated with germination inducing and shell breaking techniques. ④ Seed soaking and pregermination： The treated watermelon seeds are soaked for 4-6 h （no more than 1.5 h for shelled watermelon seeds）. The seeds of the pumpkin rootstock are soaked for 6-8 h， and the seeds of the cucurbit rootstock are soaked for 24 h. After drainage， the seeds were kept at a temperature of 28-30 ℃ to promote germination， and can be sown when 70%-80% of seeds show white buds. And the seeds can be seeded directly if the package indicates that there is no need for seed soaking and germination. ⑤ Seeding： Seeding should be performed from early December to midMarch of the following year for facility cultivation in spring， and from early June to early July for facility cultivation in autumn. And the seeds of the rootstock plant are sown when the scion cotyledons come up in the case of contact grafting， and when the cotyledons of the rootstocks stretch flatly in the case of holeinsertion grafting. One day before sowing， the nutrient soil or substrate are watered thoroughly; the seeds are laid flatly with the radicles downward and then covered with 1.0-2.0 cm of nutrient soil or vermiculite; and the seedbed is covered with film to keep moisture， and shaded during the high temperature period. Before emergence， the temperature during the day is 28-32 ℃， and the night temperature is 17-20 ℃. After the cotyledons come up， the mulching film should be removed and ventilation should be started. The temperature during the day is 25-28 ℃and the night is 15-18 ℃. The relative humidity of the nutrient soil or substrate is maintained at 60%-80%. Grafting
Contact grating or holeinsertion grafting can be suitable. The seedbed should be closed and shaded before the first 3 d after grafting to keep the relative humidity of the air over 95%. The temperature during the day should be 25-28 ℃， and the temperature at night should be 18-20 ℃. Three days later， the plants are exposed to light in the morning and at dusk， and ventilation should be performed properly. The normal management is resumed 8-10 d after grafting. Buds on the rootstocks should be removed in time. The seedlings are trained for 3-5 d before planting.
Field planting
Preparation before field planting
Before planting， the field is applied with fully fermented organic fertilizer at 3 000-4 000 kg/667 m2 or highquality commercial organic fertilizer at 1 000 to 2 000 kg/667 m2， NPK compound fertilizer at 40-50 kg/667 m2， followed by ploughing under to great depth and levelling. The land is ridged in spring with a height of 15-20 cm， and drip irrigation pipes or microspraying hoses are laid. Finally， the prepared field is covered with mulching film.
Field planting
Field planting is performed from the stage of two leaves to three leaves and one heart for seedlings raised in aperture disks， and from the stage of three leaves to four leaves and one heart for seedlings raised in nutrition bowls. The ground temperature is stable at 15 ℃ before spring planting， and the minimum temperature at night is above 10 ℃. The ground temperature is stable at 15 ℃ during the day and 10 ℃ in the night before spring planting. And the time of field planting is from early February to midApril for spring cultivation and from early July to early August for autumn cultivation. As to smallsize watermelon， the cultivation density is 2 000-2 300 plants/667 m2 for dualvine pruning and 1 400-1 600 plants/667 m2 for threevine pruning in hanging vine cultivation， and 750-1 000 plants/667 m2 in creeping cultivation. In the case of mediumsize watermelon， creeping cultivation is adopted with a planting density of 600-750 plants/667 m2. For seedless watermelon， diploid pollination plants are planted at a ratio of 10∶ 1.
Field management
Temperature management
In the revival stage， the air temperature is 30-35 ℃ during the day and 15-18 ℃ at night. In the stretching stage， the day temperature is 28-32 ℃， and the night temperature is 15-18 ℃. In the fruit bearing stage， the day temperature is 28-35 ℃， and the night temperature is 18-20 ℃. Water and fertilizer management
Irrigation is performed once at the planting stage， the revival stage and the vine stretching stage， respectively， with an irrigation amount of 8-10 m3 each time. It is performed for 3-4 times during the fruit expanding stage， with an irrigation amount of 15-20 m3 each time， and stopped 5-7 d before harvesting. Lownitrogen and highpotassium watersoluble fertilizer （total nutrient content≥50%） is applied after irrigation during the fruit swelling period at a rate of 5-8 kg/667 m2. It is not suitable to use chlorinecontaining fertilizers.
Plant adjustment
For dualvine pruning of smallsize watermelon plants， one main and one lateral vines are retained. Besides the main vine， one strong lateral vine at the base of the main vine is also left， while other lateral vines are removed timely. Topping is performed when the main vine has about 30 leaves， and the second and third female flowers are selected for fruit setting. In the case of threevine pruning of smallsize watermelon， two strong lateral vines at the base of the main vine are selected in addition to the main vine， and other vines are removed timely. Topping is performed when the main vine has about 30 leaves， and the second and third female flowers with near flowering phase are selected for fruit setting. Threevine pruning is adopted for mediumsize watermelon， during which two strong lateral vines at the base of the main vine are selected in addition to the main vine， and it is better to retain the third female flower of the main vine for fruit setting.
Pollination and fruit retaining
Artificial pollination： Male flowers that bloom the very day should be picked in the morning. After removing the petals， pollen is applied to the female stigmas， and the pollination date should be recorded. Pollination by bees： One box of bumblebees or bees is provided in the middle of the facility per 667 m2， and insect proof nets should be disposed at air inlets. When the young melons are as big as an egg， the fruit which are large， regular and free of disease and pests are retained. If multiple melons are retained on a single plant， it is better to retain fruit of the same size.
Control of pests and diseases
Priority should be given to agricultural control， physical control and biological control measures， and chemical control measures can be taken rationally. Agricultural control： 3-4 a （year） crop rotation is implemented when selecting diseaseresistant varieties， and following cultivation techniques are applied： grafting， rational pruning， ventilation and humidity reduction， drip irrigation under film or microspray irrigation under film， and timely removal of diseased leaves and diseased fruit. Physical prevention and control： The prevention and control measures include closing sheds at a high temperature， sundrying seeds， soaking seeds with warm water， and using insectproof nets and hanging swatches. Biological control： Natural predators such as predatory mites and Encarsia formosa Gahan are released to control related diseases and insect pests. Chemical prevention and control： Spraying should be carried out in the morning on a sunny day， and drugs should be used alternately and reasonably. Requirements for harvesting
Fruit maturity is determined based on pollination date marks， variety maturity， and the inherent color and pattern of mature fruits. Fruits sold locally should be at the mature degree of 90%， and fruits sold abroad should be at the mature degree of 80%-90%. The fruits should be picked early in the morning or at dusk.
References
[1] Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， West Melon Association of Chinese Society for Horticultural Science. Chinese west melon[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2000.
[2] ZHU L. West melon industry development and consumption demand in Beijing[M]. Beijing： China Agricultural Science and Technology Press， 2014.
[3] MA C， ZENG JB， ZENG X， et al. Early cultivation technology of small watermelon hanging and dense planting in spring greenhouse in Beijing area[J]. China Vegetables， 2014（1）： 83-85.
[4] ZENG JB， MA C. Facility watermelon cultivation technology highlights[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2015.
Key words Watermelon; Facility; Production; Technical regulations; Beijing
The watermelon industry is one of the pillar industries for the development of modern agriculture in China. It plays an important role in optimizing agricultural structure， increasing farmers income， improving peoples living quality， and promoting social and economic development. As a traditional advantageous crop in Beijing， watermelon has the characteristics of outstanding variety leadership， wide range of technical applications， obvious regional planting characteristics， outstanding leisure and picking functions， and wellknown brands across the country， and its yield per unit area and quality are at the national leading level. However， because the production organization is family， it is prone to problems such as uneven technical levels， unstable product standards and quality， constantly prominent conflicts between supply and demand， and low resource utilization， which affect the development of the industry[1-4]. Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station conducted relevant experimental research and promotion of facility watermelon production technology in response to the above issues， and formulated technical regulations for facility watermelon production （project number： 20171092， the final examination has been completed）， which satisfies farmers demand for high efficiency and labor saving， thereby promoting industrial upgrading in the watermelon industry. This technology can provide a reference for the standardization of facility watermelon production.
Application Range
This standard specifies the technical requirements for environmental conditions， cultivation techniques， pest control， and harvesting of facility watermelon production technology. This standard applies to the cultivation of watermelon in Beijing.
Terms and Definitions
Selfrooted seedlings： Melon seedlings are directly raised with watermelon seeds. Grafted seedlings： Melon seedlings are cultivated by grafting to rootstocks. Grafting： The process is to connect a part of a watermelon plant to an appropriate position of a rootstock， to make the two heal into a new symbiotic body. Scion： A scion refers to the plant part which has no root system and is grafted at the upper position during grafting. Rootstock： A rootstock refers to the plant part that has a root system and bears the scion during grafting. Cultivation density： It refers to the number of watermelon plants planted in 667 m2. Pruning： The process is to artificially retain or remove vines. Pollination： It stands for the process that pollen falls to the female stigma by external force. Environment of producing area
It should meet the requirements of NY/T 5010， that is， it is necessary to choose sandy loam or loam which is loose and fertile and has high terrain， convenient drainage and irrigation and deep soil layer.
Cultivation Techniques
Facility types
The cultivation facilities should be greenhouses or plastic arches.
Variety selection
It is better to choose watermelon varieties with high quality， high yield， strong resistance to cracking and stress， and good commerciality. For rootstocks， varieties with good affinity， strong stress resistance and no adverse effects on fruit quality are better.
Seedling raising and grafting
Seedling raising
① Seedling raising method： It is better to raise seedlings with aperture disks or nutrition bowls. The aperture disks should have 32 or 50 holes， and the nutrition bowls should be 8-10 cm in diameter and 8-10 cm in height. ② Nutrient soil and substrate： For the nutrient soil， it is better to prepare it with pollutionfree garden soil that has not been planted with plants in Cucurbitaceae and highquality fermented organic fertilizer at a ratio of 3∶ 1 by mixing， adding diammonium phosphate at a rate of 1.0 kg/m3and 50% carbendazim WP at 25 g/m3， mixing and standing for 2-3 d; and the substrate is suitable to be the mixture of pollutionfree turf， vermiculite and perlite， which is added with NPK balanced compound fertilizer at 1.2 kg/m3 and 50% carbendazim WP at 25 g/m3， followed by mixing and standing for 2-3 d.③ Seedbed： The seedbed should be flat with a width of 100-120 cm and a depth of 15-20 cm. The surface of the seedbed is leveled， and the wall is straight. In winter and spring， 80-120W/m2 heat coils are laid on the surface and then covered with 2 cm of soil. The aperture disks and nutrition bowls are arranged on the ground， and for raising seedlings in aperture disks， elevated seedbed also can be used. Unsterilized seeds should be soaked in warm water or disinfected by chemicals. And seedless watermelon seeds should be treated with germination inducing and shell breaking techniques. ④ Seed soaking and pregermination： The treated watermelon seeds are soaked for 4-6 h （no more than 1.5 h for shelled watermelon seeds）. The seeds of the pumpkin rootstock are soaked for 6-8 h， and the seeds of the cucurbit rootstock are soaked for 24 h. After drainage， the seeds were kept at a temperature of 28-30 ℃ to promote germination， and can be sown when 70%-80% of seeds show white buds. And the seeds can be seeded directly if the package indicates that there is no need for seed soaking and germination. ⑤ Seeding： Seeding should be performed from early December to midMarch of the following year for facility cultivation in spring， and from early June to early July for facility cultivation in autumn. And the seeds of the rootstock plant are sown when the scion cotyledons come up in the case of contact grafting， and when the cotyledons of the rootstocks stretch flatly in the case of holeinsertion grafting. One day before sowing， the nutrient soil or substrate are watered thoroughly; the seeds are laid flatly with the radicles downward and then covered with 1.0-2.0 cm of nutrient soil or vermiculite; and the seedbed is covered with film to keep moisture， and shaded during the high temperature period. Before emergence， the temperature during the day is 28-32 ℃， and the night temperature is 17-20 ℃. After the cotyledons come up， the mulching film should be removed and ventilation should be started. The temperature during the day is 25-28 ℃and the night is 15-18 ℃. The relative humidity of the nutrient soil or substrate is maintained at 60%-80%. Grafting
Contact grating or holeinsertion grafting can be suitable. The seedbed should be closed and shaded before the first 3 d after grafting to keep the relative humidity of the air over 95%. The temperature during the day should be 25-28 ℃， and the temperature at night should be 18-20 ℃. Three days later， the plants are exposed to light in the morning and at dusk， and ventilation should be performed properly. The normal management is resumed 8-10 d after grafting. Buds on the rootstocks should be removed in time. The seedlings are trained for 3-5 d before planting.
Field planting
Preparation before field planting
Before planting， the field is applied with fully fermented organic fertilizer at 3 000-4 000 kg/667 m2 or highquality commercial organic fertilizer at 1 000 to 2 000 kg/667 m2， NPK compound fertilizer at 40-50 kg/667 m2， followed by ploughing under to great depth and levelling. The land is ridged in spring with a height of 15-20 cm， and drip irrigation pipes or microspraying hoses are laid. Finally， the prepared field is covered with mulching film.
Field planting
Field planting is performed from the stage of two leaves to three leaves and one heart for seedlings raised in aperture disks， and from the stage of three leaves to four leaves and one heart for seedlings raised in nutrition bowls. The ground temperature is stable at 15 ℃ before spring planting， and the minimum temperature at night is above 10 ℃. The ground temperature is stable at 15 ℃ during the day and 10 ℃ in the night before spring planting. And the time of field planting is from early February to midApril for spring cultivation and from early July to early August for autumn cultivation. As to smallsize watermelon， the cultivation density is 2 000-2 300 plants/667 m2 for dualvine pruning and 1 400-1 600 plants/667 m2 for threevine pruning in hanging vine cultivation， and 750-1 000 plants/667 m2 in creeping cultivation. In the case of mediumsize watermelon， creeping cultivation is adopted with a planting density of 600-750 plants/667 m2. For seedless watermelon， diploid pollination plants are planted at a ratio of 10∶ 1.
Field management
Temperature management
In the revival stage， the air temperature is 30-35 ℃ during the day and 15-18 ℃ at night. In the stretching stage， the day temperature is 28-32 ℃， and the night temperature is 15-18 ℃. In the fruit bearing stage， the day temperature is 28-35 ℃， and the night temperature is 18-20 ℃. Water and fertilizer management
Irrigation is performed once at the planting stage， the revival stage and the vine stretching stage， respectively， with an irrigation amount of 8-10 m3 each time. It is performed for 3-4 times during the fruit expanding stage， with an irrigation amount of 15-20 m3 each time， and stopped 5-7 d before harvesting. Lownitrogen and highpotassium watersoluble fertilizer （total nutrient content≥50%） is applied after irrigation during the fruit swelling period at a rate of 5-8 kg/667 m2. It is not suitable to use chlorinecontaining fertilizers.
Plant adjustment
For dualvine pruning of smallsize watermelon plants， one main and one lateral vines are retained. Besides the main vine， one strong lateral vine at the base of the main vine is also left， while other lateral vines are removed timely. Topping is performed when the main vine has about 30 leaves， and the second and third female flowers are selected for fruit setting. In the case of threevine pruning of smallsize watermelon， two strong lateral vines at the base of the main vine are selected in addition to the main vine， and other vines are removed timely. Topping is performed when the main vine has about 30 leaves， and the second and third female flowers with near flowering phase are selected for fruit setting. Threevine pruning is adopted for mediumsize watermelon， during which two strong lateral vines at the base of the main vine are selected in addition to the main vine， and it is better to retain the third female flower of the main vine for fruit setting.
Pollination and fruit retaining
Artificial pollination： Male flowers that bloom the very day should be picked in the morning. After removing the petals， pollen is applied to the female stigmas， and the pollination date should be recorded. Pollination by bees： One box of bumblebees or bees is provided in the middle of the facility per 667 m2， and insect proof nets should be disposed at air inlets. When the young melons are as big as an egg， the fruit which are large， regular and free of disease and pests are retained. If multiple melons are retained on a single plant， it is better to retain fruit of the same size.
Control of pests and diseases
Priority should be given to agricultural control， physical control and biological control measures， and chemical control measures can be taken rationally. Agricultural control： 3-4 a （year） crop rotation is implemented when selecting diseaseresistant varieties， and following cultivation techniques are applied： grafting， rational pruning， ventilation and humidity reduction， drip irrigation under film or microspray irrigation under film， and timely removal of diseased leaves and diseased fruit. Physical prevention and control： The prevention and control measures include closing sheds at a high temperature， sundrying seeds， soaking seeds with warm water， and using insectproof nets and hanging swatches. Biological control： Natural predators such as predatory mites and Encarsia formosa Gahan are released to control related diseases and insect pests. Chemical prevention and control： Spraying should be carried out in the morning on a sunny day， and drugs should be used alternately and reasonably. Requirements for harvesting
Fruit maturity is determined based on pollination date marks， variety maturity， and the inherent color and pattern of mature fruits. Fruits sold locally should be at the mature degree of 90%， and fruits sold abroad should be at the mature degree of 80%-90%. The fruits should be picked early in the morning or at dusk.
References
[1] Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute， Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， West Melon Association of Chinese Society for Horticultural Science. Chinese west melon[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2000.
[2] ZHU L. West melon industry development and consumption demand in Beijing[M]. Beijing： China Agricultural Science and Technology Press， 2014.
[3] MA C， ZENG JB， ZENG X， et al. Early cultivation technology of small watermelon hanging and dense planting in spring greenhouse in Beijing area[J]. China Vegetables， 2014（1）： 83-85.
[4] ZENG JB， MA C. Facility watermelon cultivation technology highlights[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2015.