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Dry evergreen montane forests in Ethiopia are severely threatened.The status of species composition and structure of forest vegetation are important indicators to understand the trends of threats on local plant communities.In the present study,we examined the floristic composition and structure of the Kibate Forest,Wonchi Highland,Ethio-pia along environmental gradients.Sixty-six(30 m×30 m)plots were established every 100 m interval along altitu-dinal gradients(2811-3073 m a.s.l.)in five transect lines for vegetation and environmental data collection.In total,125 vascular plant species belonging to 104 genera and 52 families were identified.Eighteen species(14％)were endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea.The two most dominant families,Asteraceae(29 species)and Lamiaceae(eight species)accounted for 30％of the total number of species.The highest number of species(54％)was herbs.Four major community types(viz.,Olinia rochetiana-Myrsine melano-phloeos,Ilex mitis-Galiniera saxifraga,Erica arborea-Pro-tea gaguedi,and Hagenia abyssinica-Juniperus procera)were identified.The highest species richness,evenness,diversity,and importance value index were in community types 2 and 4.About 82％of the species and all endemic taxa except five were recorded in these two community types.The most dominant woody species were O.rochetiana,E.arborea,Olea europaea subsp.cuspidata,Myrica salicifo-lia,I.mitis var.mitis,and H.abyssinica with different pat-terns of population structure.The results show that there was a weak correlation between species richness and altitude.Our findings confirm that environmental variables both with interactions(such as altitude)and without interactions(such as livestock grazing)significantly(p＜0.05)affect species richness.Anthropogenic activities and overgrazing by live-stock appear to be the main threat in community types 2 and 3.Urgent management practices and conservation meas-ures such as prohibiting forest clearing and overgrazing and planting indigenous trees through community participation should be considered in community types that are rich in endemic species but are highly threatened.