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地理大发现催生了人类社会关于海洋法律地位的争论。17世纪初,英、荷等新兴欧洲列强挑战葡萄牙、西班牙对全球海洋的垄断地位。荷兰法学家雨果·格老秀斯顺应时代潮流,从法理角度驳斥西、葡两国的海洋主权论。他的《海洋自由论》系统论证了各国拥有自由进行海上航行和海外贸易的天赋权利;威廉·威尔伍德等同时代法学家则大力伸张各国的近海渔场管辖权。这场争论凸显了欧洲各国在海洋方面对“含括性”权利和“排他性”权利的双向追求,并为此后“公海自由”和“领海主权”这对相辅相成的理念之不断成熟奠定了良好的起点。
The discovery of geography has given birth to the controversy of human society about the legal status of the oceans. At the beginning of the 17th century, emerging European powers such as Britain, Holland and Netherlands challenged Portugal and Spain to monopolize the global oceans. The Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius follows the trend of the times and refutes the ocean sovereignty theory of West and Portugal from the perspective of law. His “theory of freedom of the ocean” system demonstrated the natural right of all countries to freedom of navigation and overseas trade; while William Willwood and other contemporary jurists vigorously extended the jurisdiction of coastal fisheries in various countries. This controversy highlights the two-way pursuit of the “inclusive” and “exclusive” rights of all European countries in the oceans and has since strengthened their mutual support for the “freedom of the high seas” and the “sovereignty of the territorial waters.” The concept of maturity has laid a good starting point.