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一“文化”是一个涵义复杂的概念。通常,人们对于文化的界定分为广义和狭义两种。广义的文化概念相对于“自然”而言,指的是人类实践所创造的一切文明成果,既包括物质财富,也包括观念体系。狭义的文化相对于政治、经济,大致包括思想、道德、宗教、文艺、科技、风俗、学术以及一系列相关的制度和组织。这是人类精神文明的一个重要组成部分。我们这里所说的文化基本上指的是相对于经济生产活动的文化活动。例如艺术、宗教、哲学、美学等等。从整个社会历史运动的视野来看,经济决定了文化。人们首先改造了自然,然后创造了与之相适应的文化。有了一定形式的经济基础,然后才有一定形式的上层建筑。通常,人们总是在解决了温饱等基本的物质需要之后,才会有更高层次的文化需求。
A “culture” is a complex concept. Usually, the definition of culture is divided into broad and narrow sense. Broadly defined cultural concept refers to all the civilized achievements created by human practices as opposed to “nature,” including both material wealth and conceptual system. Relative to the narrow sense of the political and economic culture, roughly including the ideological, moral, religious, literary, technological, customs, academic and a series of related systems and organizations. This is an important part of human spiritual civilization. The culture we are talking about here basically refers to the cultural activities that are relative to the activities of economic production. For example, art, religion, philosophy, aesthetics and more. From the perspective of the entire social history movement, economy determines the culture. People transform nature first, and then create a culture that fits them. With some form of economic foundation, then there is some form of superstructure. In general, people always have a higher level of cultural needs after they have settled the basic material needs such as food and clothing.