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宋代是中国民间宗教发展的重要时期,尤其是摩尼教下层向民间化的发展,促进了江南地区民间宗教向秘密宗教的转化。宋政府察觉了北方地区民间宗教的发展,将唐代“造妖书妖言”的法条发展成“妖教”的称谓。但宋政府对江南地区民间宗教的发展则长时间疏于侦知,方腊突然起事震动整个统治阶级。为了推卸失察责任,地方官僚将方腊事件与明教相联系;为了专项打击,中央官僚首先使用了“吃菜事魔”的提法;因难于分辨,军队系统认为民间结社都有秘密宗教的嫌疑,因而要求地方官严查。在新的社会动乱因素出现之后,宋代各种官方力量表达了各自的认知,完成了对民间秘密宗教从妖化到魔化的动乱角色定位过程。
The Song Dynasty was an important period for the development of folk religions in China, especially the development of the lower level of Manichaeism to folk culture, which promoted the transformation of folk religions to secret religions in the south of Yangtze River. The Song government spotted the development of folk religions in the north, and developed the “law of the demon religion” in the Tang Dynasty. However, the Song government neglected the development of folk religions in the south of Yangtze River for a long time. Fang La suddenly started a coup that shaken the entire ruling class. In order to shirk the responsibility of inspectors, local bureaucrats linked the Fangla Incident with the Ming Dynasty. For the purpose of special attacks, the central bureaucrats first used the reference to “eating and drinking magic”; because of the difficulty of resolving the military system, they believed that the private associations had secret religions Suspected, thus requiring local officials to investigate. After the emergence of new factors of social unrest, various official forces in the Song Dynasty expressed their own cognitions and completed the process of locating the chaotic role of the secular and secular religions from demonization to demonization.