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哈德良和他的前辈凯撒、屋大维、图拉真不同,和过去任何一位罗马皇帝都不同。过去的皇帝注重开疆拓土,而哈德良意在收缩、稳定和繁荣。罗马建成六个世纪后,罗马帝国急剧扩张,吞并了欧洲大部、小亚细亚(现在的土耳其)和中东的很多地方,原来一个小小城邦俨然已是全球帝国,整个地中海已经成了罗马的内湖。但不稳定的因素同样存在。其一是犹太问题,其二是不列颠地区原住民叛乱,其三是北非几个行省的叛乱,第四是多瑙河北岸的蛮族动不动就威胁罗马领土。
Hadrian and his predecessors, Caesars, Octavian and Trajan, are different from any other Roman emperor in the past. The emperor in the past paid more attention to opening up territories and Hadrian intended to shrink, stabilize and prosper. After six centuries of the founding of Rome, the Roman Empire expanded rapidly and annexed much of Europe, Asia Minor (now Turkey) and many parts of the Middle East. A small city-state was already a global empire. The entire Mediterranean has become the Neihu . But the same is true of instability. One is the Jewish problem, the other is the aboriginal rebel in Britain, the third is the insurgency in several provinces of North Africa, and the fourth is that the barbarians on the Danube north bank are constantly threatening the Roman territory.