20世纪日本文学主要是在初步完成明治维新后进行的近代转型,呈现出日本政治文化的双重性格,既保留了社会结构、政治制度、文化形态上浓厚的封建性,同时又具有某些政治改革的先进方面,为新旧价值观、观念冲突及矛盾的产物。在整个政治、科技、经济、文化背景下,日本学者思想出现较大转变,并在作品中有所体现,他们的创作主题、主张、写作形式等均表现出新的形式,此时日本涌现出大量的文学流派,同时出现众多作品,如女性文学作品《十三夜》、川端康成《雪国》等均在不同程度上反应了日本文学的发展历程。本文主要对20世纪文化背景下日本文学作用创作特征进行观察探索,从而总结20世纪的日本文学通史。 Japanese literature in the 20th century is mainly a modern transition after the initial accomplishment of the Meiji Restoration. It presents the dual personality of Japanese political culture. It not only retains the social structure and political system, but also has strong cultural feudalism and certain political reforms The advanced aspect is the product of old and new values, concept conflicts and contradictions. Under the background of politics, science and technology, economy and culture, the Japanese scholars’ thinking changed a lot and was reflected in the works. Their themes of creation, propositions and forms of writing all showed new forms. At that time, Japan emerged A large number of literary genres, while many works, such as the female literature “Thirteen Nights”, Kawabata Yasunari “Snow Country” and so on to varying degrees reflect the development of Japanese literature. This paper mainly explores and explores the creative features of Japanese literature under the cultural background of the 20th century so as to summarize the general history of Japanese literature in the 20th century.