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水权是一项基本人权。目前,许多国际公约、地区性人权公约已开始确认水权。许多国家将水权作为一项基本人权提升到宪法中加以确认。在欧洲国家中,如比利时、西班牙、法国、卢森堡、挪威、罗马尼亚、瑞士等,欧洲以外的国家包括南非、摩洛哥、尼日尔、新西兰、乌拉圭等。国际法、人权法和各国宪法承认水权已经成为一种趋势。然而,水权隐含着对公共权力的限制,一些国家并不希望支持这项权利。我国宪法并不承认水权是一项基本人权,而财产法意义上的水使用权显然与国际公约、地方性条约与各国宪法中所普遍承认的作为人权的水权概念是完全不同的。2008年新修改的《水污染防治法》主要是命令式的管理制度安排,对有关公民权利的内容仍然是倾向于义务性的。
Water is a basic human right. At present, many international conventions and regional human rights conventions have started to recognize water rights. Many countries have identified water rights as a fundamental human right into the constitution. In European countries such as Belgium, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Switzerland, countries outside Europe include South Africa, Morocco, the Niger, New Zealand, Uruguay and others. The recognition of water rights by international law, human rights law and national constitutions has become a trend. However, water rights imply restrictions on public power and some countries do not want to support this right. China’s Constitution does not recognize that water rights are a basic human right, and the right to water use in the meaning of property law is obviously completely different from that of international conventions, local treaties and the universally recognized concept of human rights in all constitutions. The newly revised “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law” in 2008 is mainly an imperative management system arrangement, and the content of civil rights rights still tends to be obligatory.