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Liver ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to protect the liver from the detrimental effects of ischaemicreperfusion injury (IRI), which contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality following major liver surgery.Recent studies have focused on the role of IPC in liver regeneration, the precise mechanism of which are not completely understood. This review discusses the current understanding of the mechanism of liver regeneration and the role of IPC in this setting. Relevant articles were reviewed from the published literature using the Medline database. The search was performed using the keywords liver, ischaemic reperfusion, ischaemic preconditioning, regeneration, hepatectomyand transplantation. The underlying mechanism of liver regeneration is a complex process involving the interaction of cytokines, growth factors and the metabolic demand of the liver. IPC, through various mediators, promotes liver regeneration by up-regulating growthpromoting factors and suppresses growth-inhibiting factors as well as damaging stresses. The increased understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in IPC will enable the development of altative treatment modalities aimed at promoting liver regeneration following major liver resection and transplantation.