一、前言:薄弱的研究领域明末清初,改朝换代,血火相拚,地解天崩。在鼎革风云的激荡之下,中国的思想文化领域出出了异乎寻常的变化。如黄宗羲、顾炎武、王夫之、唐甄傅山等思想家,痛定思痛,抨击封建专制,开近代民主启蒙思想的先河,查继佐、谈迁、计六奇、失子素、邓凯等史学家,奋笔疾书,总结明亡教训,记述耳闻目睹之清军暴行,掀起民间私撰文书的高潮,为日后推翻清廷(?)政埋下的伏笔,(?)文鼎、方中通、顾祖禹、蔳(?)、孙(?)等科学家,返朴归真,不尚空谈,讲求经世致用之实学,扭转晚明子空疏之学风……凡此种种,在中国文化史上生面别开,蔚成大观,形成了动荡时代灿烂的文化。而(?)大、无可、石涛、石溪 First, the preface: Weak research areas The late Ming and early Qing dynasty, the DPRK Dynasty, bloody match, to dissolve the avalanche. In the agitation of the Great Revolution, China has made extraordinary changes in its ideological and cultural fields. Such as Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi, Tang Zhen Fu Shan and other thinkers, bitter experience, attacked the feudal autocracy, the pioneer of modern democratic enlightenment, Cha Ji Zuo, Tan Qian, Liu Qi, Xu Zuixin, Deng Kai and other historians, , Summed up the lessons of death, recorded the atrocities of the Qing army that were heard and heard, and set off the climax of private written private prosecutions. They laid the foundations for the overthrow of the Qing government (?) Wen Ding, Fang Ding, Fang Zu Tong, Gu Zuyu, ?), Sun (?) And other scientists, return to basics, not empty talk, emphasize the practical knowledge of the world, reversing the style of the late Ming dynasty empty ... ... All these, in the history of Chinese culture, dignified, Wei Cheng Grand View , Formed a turbulent era of brilliant culture. And (?) Large, no choice, Shi Tao, Stony Brook