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LOOKING back in history， it was in 1971 that African countries used their numerical strength in the United Nations （UN） to tip the scales in favor of China. With the firm support of the continent， China was able to garner the two-thirds majority vote needed to reclaim its legal seat 45 years ago. This act is often remembered in nostalgic strokes as Africa having carried China into the UN on its shoulders. Attempts were made throughout the 1970s and 1980s for a reversal of China’s seat at the UN， but failed thanks to African countries’ steadfastness in upholding China’s position.
Since then， China and Africa have been great allies in the UN system. In a 1974 speech at the UN General Assembly， China’s then top leader Deng Xiaoping enunciated China’s view of the world under the “three worlds theory” that called for solidarity among developing countries. This view was not only welcomed by African countries at the time， but has remained a point of convergence between China and Africa. This is for instance clearly stated in declarations and action plans under the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation（FOCAC）. The declarations and action plans call for the reform of the UN system to ensure that African countries are properly represented in the UN system， a call seen to be resisted by developed nations.
Quite symbolically， Chinese and African leaders have since 2009 held high-level discussions on the side lines of the annual UN General Assembly in New York. The affirmation of China-Africa cooperation in the UN system can be seen in the voting patterns over crucial issues in specialized UN sessions and at the General Assembly. Faced by censure， condemnation， embargoes and sanctions by Western countries in UN agencies such as the UN Commission on Human Rights （UNHRC - renamed UN Human Rights Council in 2006）， African countries have voted in support of China’s positions and China has voted in favor of African countries’. It is a symbiotic relationship where African countries use their numerical superiority to support China and China uses it veto power in the UN Security Council to support African countries’ interests. In these respects， China and African countries have forged ties interpreted as a global south balance of power vis-à-vis the global north.
Support for Africa
While calls for enhanced inclusion of African representation in the UN system remain unfinished business， China has found many means of assisting Africa through specialized UN agencies. A major turning point for China’s involvement in the UN system was in the early 1980s when the country started making contributions to agencies such as the UN Development Program （UNDP）， UN Capital Development Fund， UN High Commissioner for Refugees， UN Population Fund， UN Industrial Development Organization， and World Food Program among others. These contributions have benefitted African countries as these agencies are targeted at developing nations where Africa constitutes the largest number of states.
A shining example of China’s support for African countries is in the UN peace and security arena where China has received accolades from not just African leaders but the UN system in its entirety. Although civil wars have considerably subsided on the continent， some regions and countries remain trouble spots. China’s active involvement in UN-led peace and security efforts can be traced to its 1989 deployment military observers in Namibia during a transition in the southern African nation. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s， Chinese peacekeeping forces were sent to Western Sahara， Mozambique， Liberia， Sierra Leone， Ethiopia， Eritrea， Burundi and Cote d’Ivoire. Today， China has the highest number of boots-on-the-ground engaged in UN peacekeeping operations in Africa of any other UN Security Council members. For instance， when the UN voted to support Liberia’s peacekeeping efforts in 2003， China heeded the call， deploying forces to not only secure peace， but also help with reconstruction in sectors that had been ravaged by the civil war such as the energy， infrastructure， agriculture and manufacturing sectors. This model of blending traditional peacekeeping with reconstruction is on display in virtually all African countries in which China is involved. In 2006， China supported Chad’s UN-based push for the deployment of peacekeeping forces after the country was inundated by refugees from the neighboring Sudanese region of Darfur. With regards to the Darfur conflict itself， China not only deployed a peacekeeping force there but used its diplomatic leverage over Khartoum to ensure the acceptance of a combined African Union（AU） and UN peacekeeping mission. Indeed， peacekeeping has become a centerpiece of China’s relations with Africa in the UN system as articulated in numerous policy documents and captured in FOCAC action plans.
Trilateral relations
While China directly supported African countries across various economic sectors as part of establishment of diplomatic relations from the 1960s， this support has over the past decade been undertaken trilaterally under the UN mechanism. Beginning 2006， China has established agricultural demonstration centers in various African countries under the aegis of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization aimed at bolstering the continent’s food security. This has involved China’s sending of agricultural experts to train African farmers in across crop， livestock and fish farming by leveraging the agricultural technology capacities that have made China food self-sufficient. Working with the AU and the UN World Health Organization （WHO）， China played an important part in helping stem the Ebola virus epidemic that threatened Liberia， Sierra Leone， Nigeria and Guinea. The assistance came with innovations as the WHO eventually listed the China-made Ebola Virus Real Time Kit - which gives results in two hours flat - as a means of screening patients. This is one example in which China has worked with the WHO in helping stem African tropical diseases， particularly malaria.
It is largely agreed that China’s prowess in the UN system is to the benefit of African countries. At the World Bank and International Monetary Fund where China has a huge sway due to its appreciable shareholding and voting power， it has voted in support of inclusion of Africa in numerous projects. Indeed some of the infrastructure projects that dot the continent today were implemented in trilateral fashion by the World Bank， China and African countries. For instance， a Chinese firm， the China Road and Bridge Corp.， was involved in World Bank road infrastructure projects in Rwanda， Kenya and Uganda among others. Since 2010， the World Bank’s private sector lending firm， the International Finance Corp.， has been giving loans to Chinese firms looking to do social capital projects in Africa. This trilateral cooperation is set to continue in future as China and the World Bank signed an agreement in September this year for cooperation in the African infrastructure sector.
The current phase of China-Africa relations in the UN system are underlined by the alignment of the three broad plans： the AU’s Agenda 2063， the FOCAC action plans for the period 2015-18 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. A range of projects and programs are already underway， notably led by the UNDP China office which works closely with the Chinese Government， the AU and individual African countries.
Since then， China and Africa have been great allies in the UN system. In a 1974 speech at the UN General Assembly， China’s then top leader Deng Xiaoping enunciated China’s view of the world under the “three worlds theory” that called for solidarity among developing countries. This view was not only welcomed by African countries at the time， but has remained a point of convergence between China and Africa. This is for instance clearly stated in declarations and action plans under the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation（FOCAC）. The declarations and action plans call for the reform of the UN system to ensure that African countries are properly represented in the UN system， a call seen to be resisted by developed nations.
Quite symbolically， Chinese and African leaders have since 2009 held high-level discussions on the side lines of the annual UN General Assembly in New York. The affirmation of China-Africa cooperation in the UN system can be seen in the voting patterns over crucial issues in specialized UN sessions and at the General Assembly. Faced by censure， condemnation， embargoes and sanctions by Western countries in UN agencies such as the UN Commission on Human Rights （UNHRC - renamed UN Human Rights Council in 2006）， African countries have voted in support of China’s positions and China has voted in favor of African countries’. It is a symbiotic relationship where African countries use their numerical superiority to support China and China uses it veto power in the UN Security Council to support African countries’ interests. In these respects， China and African countries have forged ties interpreted as a global south balance of power vis-à-vis the global north.
Support for Africa
While calls for enhanced inclusion of African representation in the UN system remain unfinished business， China has found many means of assisting Africa through specialized UN agencies. A major turning point for China’s involvement in the UN system was in the early 1980s when the country started making contributions to agencies such as the UN Development Program （UNDP）， UN Capital Development Fund， UN High Commissioner for Refugees， UN Population Fund， UN Industrial Development Organization， and World Food Program among others. These contributions have benefitted African countries as these agencies are targeted at developing nations where Africa constitutes the largest number of states.
A shining example of China’s support for African countries is in the UN peace and security arena where China has received accolades from not just African leaders but the UN system in its entirety. Although civil wars have considerably subsided on the continent， some regions and countries remain trouble spots. China’s active involvement in UN-led peace and security efforts can be traced to its 1989 deployment military observers in Namibia during a transition in the southern African nation. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s， Chinese peacekeeping forces were sent to Western Sahara， Mozambique， Liberia， Sierra Leone， Ethiopia， Eritrea， Burundi and Cote d’Ivoire. Today， China has the highest number of boots-on-the-ground engaged in UN peacekeeping operations in Africa of any other UN Security Council members. For instance， when the UN voted to support Liberia’s peacekeeping efforts in 2003， China heeded the call， deploying forces to not only secure peace， but also help with reconstruction in sectors that had been ravaged by the civil war such as the energy， infrastructure， agriculture and manufacturing sectors. This model of blending traditional peacekeeping with reconstruction is on display in virtually all African countries in which China is involved. In 2006， China supported Chad’s UN-based push for the deployment of peacekeeping forces after the country was inundated by refugees from the neighboring Sudanese region of Darfur. With regards to the Darfur conflict itself， China not only deployed a peacekeeping force there but used its diplomatic leverage over Khartoum to ensure the acceptance of a combined African Union（AU） and UN peacekeeping mission. Indeed， peacekeeping has become a centerpiece of China’s relations with Africa in the UN system as articulated in numerous policy documents and captured in FOCAC action plans.
Trilateral relations
While China directly supported African countries across various economic sectors as part of establishment of diplomatic relations from the 1960s， this support has over the past decade been undertaken trilaterally under the UN mechanism. Beginning 2006， China has established agricultural demonstration centers in various African countries under the aegis of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization aimed at bolstering the continent’s food security. This has involved China’s sending of agricultural experts to train African farmers in across crop， livestock and fish farming by leveraging the agricultural technology capacities that have made China food self-sufficient. Working with the AU and the UN World Health Organization （WHO）， China played an important part in helping stem the Ebola virus epidemic that threatened Liberia， Sierra Leone， Nigeria and Guinea. The assistance came with innovations as the WHO eventually listed the China-made Ebola Virus Real Time Kit - which gives results in two hours flat - as a means of screening patients. This is one example in which China has worked with the WHO in helping stem African tropical diseases， particularly malaria.
It is largely agreed that China’s prowess in the UN system is to the benefit of African countries. At the World Bank and International Monetary Fund where China has a huge sway due to its appreciable shareholding and voting power， it has voted in support of inclusion of Africa in numerous projects. Indeed some of the infrastructure projects that dot the continent today were implemented in trilateral fashion by the World Bank， China and African countries. For instance， a Chinese firm， the China Road and Bridge Corp.， was involved in World Bank road infrastructure projects in Rwanda， Kenya and Uganda among others. Since 2010， the World Bank’s private sector lending firm， the International Finance Corp.， has been giving loans to Chinese firms looking to do social capital projects in Africa. This trilateral cooperation is set to continue in future as China and the World Bank signed an agreement in September this year for cooperation in the African infrastructure sector.
The current phase of China-Africa relations in the UN system are underlined by the alignment of the three broad plans： the AU’s Agenda 2063， the FOCAC action plans for the period 2015-18 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. A range of projects and programs are already underway， notably led by the UNDP China office which works closely with the Chinese Government， the AU and individual African countries.