目的　观察多系统萎缩脑和脊髓内少突胶质细胞包涵体并评估其诊断意义。方法　应用Gallyas Braak银染色法研究 4例经临床和传统病理方法诊断的多系统萎缩的脑和脊髓标本 ,以 8例运动神经元病的脑和脊髓 ,6例无神经系统症状和病理改变的同龄人脑标本作对照。结果　 4例病例中 3例的脑和脊髓白质发现少突胶质细胞包涵体 ,该包涵体位于少突胶质细胞胞质内 ,呈半月形、镰刀形、火焰形。主要分布于脑桥、小脑、苍白球 壳核、延髓白质纤维束 ,脊髓外侧束 ,且与髓鞘变性脱失的分布一致。另有 1例临床缺乏植物神经症状 ,黑质和脊髓中间外侧柱细胞无明显病变者 ,其脑和脊髓白质未观察到这种包涵体。所有对照病例的脑和脊髓白质内也未发现少突胶质细胞包涵体。结论　少突胶质细胞包涵体是散发性多系统萎缩特异性较高的病理标志 ,提示少突胶质细胞变性可能与多系统萎缩的髓鞘脱失有关 Objective To observe the oligodendrocyte inclusion bodies in brain and spinal cord of multiple system atrophy and evaluate their diagnostic significance. Methods Four cases of atrophic brain and spinal cord diagnosed by clinical and traditional pathological methods were studied by Gallys Braak silver staining. Eight patients with motor neuron disease were divided into brain and spinal cord, 6 patients with no neurological symptoms and pathological changes of the same age Human brain specimens for the control. Results In 4 cases, oligodendrocyte inclusion bodies were found in the brain and spinal cord white matter. The inclusion bodies were located in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes and showed a semilunar shape, a sickle shape and a flame shape. Mainly distributed in the pons, cerebellum, globus pallidus shell nucleus, medulla oblongata white matter bundles, lateral spinal cord bundle, and consistent with the distribution of demyelinating degeneration. Another case of clinical lack of autonomic symptoms, substantia nigra and spinal cord lateral columnar cells without obvious lesions, the brain and spinal cord white matter was not observed in this inclusion body. Oligodendrocyte inclusion bodies were also not found in the brain and spinal cord white matter of all control cases. Conclusion The inclusion bodies of oligodendrocytes are pathological markers with high specificity of sporadic multiple system ailments, suggesting that the degeneration of oligodendrocytes may be related to the demyelination of multiple system atrophy