传统教学把学习者视为一个个空空的容器,老师满堂灌、学生参与教学程度低、教学效果并不理想。这种无视学习者具体存在的教学,是无效的教学。鲍里奇认为面向具体的学习者开展的教学才是有效的,这也是判断一名教师是不是有效教师的内在准绳。哈佛大学霍华德加德纳的多元智能理论表明每一 Traditional teaching regards learners as empty containers. Teachers fill the classroom with poor students’ participation in teaching and the teaching effect is not ideal. This ignoring the specific existence of the teaching of the learner is invalid teaching. Bowridge believes that teaching for specific learners is effective, and this is also the inherent criterion for judging whether a teacher is an effective teacher. Howard Gardner of Harvard University’s theory of multiple intelligence shows that each