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宣告死亡制度指自然人下落不明达到法定期限,经利害关系人申请,人民法院按照法定程序对失踪自然人宣告其死亡并产生自然死亡之法律后果的民事法律制度。该项制度是世界各国民法典中不可或缺的一部分,其设立的目的主要在于解决自然人失踪后所带来的不稳定人身关系与财产关系问题。我国自1986年《民法通则》对此项制度规定以来,至今已经实施应用了三十年,解决了诸多与失踪人口相关的现实法律问题,也暴露出此项制度在现实生活中的诸多不足之处。本文通过对德国、法国这两个重要的大陆法系国家民事法律制度就该制度的规定进行比较研究,以期对完善我国自然人宣告死亡制度提出有益的参考意见。
The system of declaring death refers to the civil legal system where the whereabouts of a natural person are unknown and the deadline of legal persons dead is declared upon death by a people’s court in accordance with the legal procedures and has the legal consequence of natural death. This system is an indispensable part of the civil code in various countries in the world. The purpose of the system is mainly to solve the problem of unstable personal and property relations brought about by the disappearance of natural persons. Since 1986, General Principles of Civil Law stipulated this system, it has been implemented for 30 years so far and has solved many real legal problems related to the missing population as well as many deficiencies in the real life of this system Department. This article makes a comparative study of the provisions of the civil law system of Germany and France, two important civil law countries, in order to provide useful reference for improving the system of declaring death of natural persons in our country.