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经济多样性的减贫效应受多样性类型、空间尺度以及特定“区情”的影响。美国阿巴拉契亚地区的经验表明,在连片特困地区县域层面,产业多样性、知识多样性总体上通过促进经济增长实现减贫,功能多样性、职业多样性则可能由于牺牲效率、不利于经济增长而加剧贫困。同时,4种多样性的减贫效应还受市场经济发展水平、贫困程度、失业率、人口密度、政府转移支付力度和教育水平等客观“区情”的影响;在不同的“区情”下,4类经济多样性的减贫效应差异显著。此外,空间依赖性不容忽视,邻近县域经济多样性特点、基本“区情”对各自减贫效应产生交叉影响。在其他因素中,高中及同等水平的教育、就业有显著的减贫效应,但政府转移支付直接增加穷人收入的帮扶方式加剧了贫困。最后,本文总结了阿巴拉契亚地区经验对中国连片特困地区的启示和政策含义,即在适宜的空间尺度上实现不同形式经济多样性发展的优化组合,充分发挥经济多样性的生计方式、就业岗位创造和经济稳定功能,创新教育扶贫、政府转移支付方式,为经济多样性发展提供人才和资金支持。
The effects of economic diversity on poverty reduction are affected by the type of diversity, the spatial scale and the specific “circumstances”. The Appalachian experience in the United States shows that at the county level in the contiguous destitute areas, industrial diversity and knowledge diversity generally achieve poverty reduction and functional diversification by promoting economic growth. However, occupational diversity may be due to sacrificial efficiency, not Conducive to economic growth and aggravate poverty. At the same time, the four kinds of poverty reduction effects are also affected by objective “regional conditions ” such as the level of market economy development, poverty level, unemployment rate, population density, government transfer payment and educational level; in different districts Love “, four kinds of economic diversity of the significant difference between the effect of reducing poverty. In addition, the spatial dependence can not be ignored. The characteristics of economic diversity in the neighboring counties and the basic ”district conditions " have an impact on their poverty reduction effects. Among other factors, education and employment in high school and their peers have significant poverty reduction effects, but government transfers have helped to exacerbate poverty by helping to directly increase incomes of the poor. Finally, this article summarizes the revelation and policy implications of the Appalachian regional experience for the contiguous destitute areas of China, that is, to realize the optimal combination of different forms of economic diversity development on appropriate spatial scales and to give full play to the economic diversity of livelihoods Employment creation and economic stability, poverty alleviation through innovation and education, transfer of payment by the government, and provision of personnel and financial support for the development of economic diversity.