We present an exact three-dimensional massive Kiselev AdS black hole solution.This Kiselev black hole is neither perfectly fluid,nor is it the quintessential solution,but the BTZ black hole modified by the anisotropic matter.This black hole possesses an essential singularity at its radial origin and a single horizon whose radius will increase monotonically when the parameter of the anisotropic matter field ω decreases.We calculate all thermodynamic quantities and find that the first law of thermodynamics of this massive Kiselev AdS black hole can be protected,while the consistent Smarr formula is only held in the extended thermodynamic phase space.After examining the sign of free energy,we conclude that there is no Hawking-Page transition since the massive Kiselev AdS black hole phase is always thermodynamically favored.Moreover,we study the phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole and BTZ black hole by considering the matchings for their temperature.We find that the Kiselev AdS black hole is still a thermodynamically more preferred phase,because it always has a smaller amount of free energy than the BTZ black hole,which seems to indicate that the anisotropic matter field may emerge naturally in BTZ black hole spacetime under some thermal fluctuations.We also show a first order phase transition between the Kiselev AdS black hole phase with-1 ＜ ω ＜-1/2 and the black hole phase w th-1/2 ＜ ω ＜ 0.As the Kiselev AdS black hole has some notable features on the phase transition of black holes in three dimensions,it provides important clues to further investigate these both surprising and similar behaviors in four and higher dimensions.