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罗尔斯认为人类社会是一个“合作冒险”体系,在这一体系中人们不仅有利益的一致,也有利益的冲突。正义的两原则为人们提供了公平合作的基础,能够对合作中的利益和负担进行公平的分配。诺齐克对罗尔斯的合作理论进行了批评,其核心观点是:罗尔斯正义原则中的差别原则并非中立的原则,这一原则偏袒社会合作中的禀赋较差者,不能被当作社会合作的公平基础。马克思的“协作劳动”理论揭示了资本主义生产中资本家对工人的剥削,指出只有在与工人的合作中,资本才可能产生利润。笔者认为,马克思的剥削理论足以反驳诺齐克对罗尔斯的批评。一方面,社会合作中的禀赋较好者(例如资本家)必须与禀赋较差者(例如劳动者)合作,才有可能获利;另一方面,在禀赋较好者与禀赋较差者形成的合作中禀赋较差者天生处于弱势,需要通过社会基本制度的调整以补偿其天生的“不幸”。
Rawls thinks that human society is a “cooperative venture ” system, in which people not only have the same interests, but also conflicts of interest. The two principles of justice provide people with the foundation for fair cooperation and the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of cooperation. Nozick criticized Rawls’s theory of cooperation. The key point is that the principle of difference in Rawls’s principle of justice is not the principle of neutrality. This principle is biased in favor of the less endowed in social cooperation and can not be regarded as The fair foundation of social cooperation. Marx’s Theory of Cooperative Labor reveals the exploitation of workers by capitalists in capitalist production and points out that capital is likely to generate profits only in cooperation with workers. In my opinion, Marx’s theory of exploitation is enough to contradict Nozick’s criticism of Rawls. On the one hand, those with better endowments (eg, capitalists) in social co-operation must be able to make profits in cooperation with less well-endowed workers (eg laborers); on the other hand, those with better endowments and those with less endowments Those who are less qualified to cooperate are inherently disadvantaged and need to make up for their innate “misfortune ” through the adjustment of the basic social system.