1558年伊丽莎白即位之时,英国只是一个积贫积弱的二流小国家。而30年后,英国打败了世界第一强国西班牙,实现了领土和主权方面的独立和完整,跻身一流强国之列1558年伊丽莎白即位之时,英国的四周几乎全是敌人,没有任何朋友。当时参与围堵英国的是法国、西班牙、罗马教廷、神圣罗马帝国及邻邦苏格兰。由于尼德兰是西班牙的属地,葡萄牙基本上又与西班牙步调一致,因此处理好同西班牙的关系,也就维持了同尼德 When Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, Britain was only a second-rate small country with a poor general population. Thirty years later, Britain defeated Spain, the world’s number one powerhouse, and achieved its territorial and sovereign independence and integrity. As the first-rate powerhouse, Elizabeth came to power in 1558, almost all of Britain was an enemy and had no friends around Britain. At that time involved in the siege of Britain is France, Spain, the Holy See, the Holy Roman Empire and the neighboring countries of Scotland. Since Netherland is a Spanish possession, Portugal is basically in line with Spain, so deal with the relationship with Spain, also maintained with Nide