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现代酸性矿山废水(AMD)环境被认为是地球早期环境的理想对应物。AMD的水环境具有金属含量高、pH低的特点,这与太古代-早元古代时期海洋的某些环境条件十分类似。然而,尽管AMD的环境条件恶劣,但仍然栖息着非常丰富的原核和真核微生物,在这其中那些嗜酸的、营光合作用的真核微生物类群(特别是Eugnamutabilis)更是引起众多科学家极大的研究兴趣。本文全面概述了在AMD环境中发现的真核微生物Euglenids种群的生物化学、生理学和生物地球化学特征,以及这些特征对于理解生命演化和早期地球环境条件等方面的指示性作用。Euglenids的细胞具备区域化功能,因而具备需氧和厌氧的蜡酯和甾醇的双生物合成途径,同时它们还可以形成生物膜,所有这些均使得Euglenids能够在早期地球极端恶劣的环境条件下生存并持续演化。在AMD酸性环境中发育的富铁叠层石、嗜酸微生物的脂类化合物及其碳同位素比值以及它们独特的生理和生化特征可用于阐述真核生物的演化、地球早期大气中氧气的产生、条带状富铁建造的形成以及地球早期的环境演化等。
The modern Acid Mine Wastewater (AMD) environment is considered as an ideal counterpart to the early Earth’s environment. AMD’s water environment has the characteristics of high metal content and low pH, which is very similar to some environmental conditions in the Archean-Early Proterozoic ocean. However, despite its harsh environmental conditions, AMD still inhabit very rich prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, among which the eosinophilic and photophilic eukaryotic microbial groups (especially Eugnamutabilis) are attracting many scientists Research interest. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical, physiological, and biogeochemical characteristics of the Euglenids population of eukaryotic microbes found in AMD environments and their indicative role in understanding the evolution of life and early Earth’s environmental conditions. The regionalization of the cells of Euglenids provides aerobic and anaerobic dual biosynthetic pathways of wax esters and sterols and at the same time, they form biofilms, all of which allow Euglenids to survive early in the Earth’s extremely harsh environment And continue to evolve. Iron-rich strata, acidophilic lipid compounds and their carbon isotope ratios developed in an acidic AMD environment and their unique physiological and biochemical characteristics can be used to elucidate the evolution of eukaryotes, the production of oxygen in the Earth’s early atmosphere, The formation of banded iron-rich construction and the early evolution of the Earth’s environment.