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在描述一个事件时,说话人可以用多种方式表达他对事件参与者的态度(或曰拍摄角度)。譬如有这样一个情境,一位名叫John(约翰)的大学生打了他的室友Bil(l比尔),说话人可以用以下方式进行描述:(1a)John hit Bil(l约翰打了比尔);(1b)John hit his roommate(约翰打了他的室友);(1c)Bill’s roommate hit him(比尔的室友打了他);(2a)Bill was hit by John(比尔被约翰打了);(2b)Bill was hit by his roommate(比尔被他的室友打了);(2c)??John’s roommate was hit by him(??约翰的室友被他打了)。这些句子的逻辑内容完全相同,但在拍摄角度上各有差异。尤其需要注意的是(2c)为边缘句,或者说只有在特殊条件下才成立。本文首先构建一套制约句子生成的拍摄角度原则,然后考察不同的英语句式,这些句式如果不使用这些原则就无法解释它们成立或不成立的原因。我们还将说明(i)日语能够使用各种语法手段明确指定说话人在生成句子时所采用的拍摄角度,而且(ii)日语在某些特定条件下必须使用这样的手段。本文最后将讨论拍摄角度原则的跨语言特征,尽管这些原则在句法中起作用的场合会因语言而异。
When describing an event, the speaker can express his attitude (or shooting angle) to the event participant in various ways. For example, in a situation where a college student named John hits his roommate Bil (Bill), the speaker can describe it in the following way: (1a) John hit Bil (1b) John hit his roommate; (1c) Bill’s roommate hit him (Bill’s hit by John); (2b) ) Bill was hit by his roommate (Bill was hit by his roommate); (2c) John’s roommate was hit by him (John’s roommate was hit by him). The logical content of these sentences is exactly the same, but they vary in their shooting angles. In particular, note that (2c) is a marginal sentence, or only under special conditions. In this paper, we first construct a set of principles of filming that restrict the generation of sentences, and then examine the different English sentences that can not explain the reasons for their establishment or non-application unless they are used. We will also explain (i) that Japanese can use various grammatical means to explicitly specify the perspective of the speaker in generating sentences, and (ii) that Japanese must use such means under certain conditions. At the end of this article, we will discuss the cross-lingual features of the filming perspectives, although these principles may differ from language to language.