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目的探讨有机溶剂重大急性职业中毒事故的发生规律和特点,为制定有机溶剂中毒的防制策略提供科学依据。方法对1989至2003年15年间收集到的有机溶剂重大急性职业中毒资料进行描述性分析。结果(1)15年间共报告有机溶剂重大急性职业中毒事故58起,中毒393例,中毒死亡48人,总中毒率为51．2%,总中毒死亡率为12．2%；平均中毒年龄(30．9±8．8)岁,平均中毒死亡年龄(30．6±12．0)岁。(2)直接导致中毒的有机溶剂有11种,以苯及其同系物为主。(3)有机溶剂重大急性职业中毒以制造业、化学工业、建筑、运输与仓储、服务业与商业等行业多发,喷漆和清洗岗位的危险性较高,事故相对集中发生在4～7月份。(4)导致中毒事故发生的主要原因是没有密闭通风排毒设备或效果不好、没有个人防护设备、缺乏安全教育和没有安全操作规程等。结论作业场所要加强通风,避免劳动者皮肤直接接触有机溶剂,使用无毒或低毒的替代物质。
Objective To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of major acute occupational poisoning accidents caused by organic solvents and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of organic solvent poisoning. Methods A descriptive analysis of major acute occupational poisoning data collected during the 15 years from 1989 to 2003 was conducted. Results (1) A total of 58 major acute occupational poisoning accidents were reported in 15 years, 393 were poisoned, 48 were poisoned, the total poisoning rate was 51.2% and the total poisoning mortality rate was 12.2%. The average age of poisoning 30.9 ± 8.8) years old, the average age of poisoning death (30.6 ± 12.0) years. (2) There are 11 kinds of organic solvents that directly cause poisoning, mainly benzene and its homologues. (3) Major Acute Occupational Poisoning of Organic Solvents There is a high risk of spraying paint and cleaning jobs in industries such as manufacturing, chemical industry, construction, transportation and warehousing, service industry and commerce. Accidents are relatively concentrated in April-July. (4) The main reason leading to poisoning accidents is that there is no closed ventilation and detoxification equipment or the effect is not good, there is no personal protective equipment, lack of safety education and no safe operation procedures. Conclusion Workplace ventilation should be strengthened to avoid direct contact of workers’ skin with organic solvents and use of non-toxic or low-toxic alternatives.