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对于改革开放时期中国城市居民的收入问题,以前的此类研究已经对那些相对重要的因素,例如人力资本、政治资本、地区差异,进行了很好的归纳和讨论。在这篇论文里,我们所讨论的是当代中国社会里关于社会分层的一个主要机构——单位,即工作的地方。运用1999年对中国三个大城市——武汉、上海、西安的调查数据,我们认为,工人的收入(包括基本工资、奖金、津贴)依赖于他们的单位效益。我们发现单位是决定当今中国城市居民收入的一个最为重要的因素。那些在效益好的单位里工作的工人,他们的收入是在效益相对较差的单位里工作的工人的2.5倍。进一步说,我们没有发现,因为城市和部门的不同,单位效益的重要性发生了什么变化。
For the income of urban residents in China during the reform and opening up period, such previous studies have well summarized and discussed those relatively important factors such as human capital, political capital and regional differences. What we are discussing in this paper is the place where a major unit of social stratification in contemporary Chinese society - the unit of work. Using the survey data of three major cities in China - Wuhan, Shanghai and Xi’an in 1999, we think that workers’ incomes (including basic salary, bonuses and allowances) depend on their unit efficiency. We found that the unit is the most important factor that determines the income of urban residents in China today. Those working in efficient units earn 2.5 times more than those who work in units with relatively poor returns. Further, we did not find any changes in the significance of the unit’s effectiveness because of the differences in cities and departments.