论文部分内容阅读
19世纪上半期,美国国内以地域为基础的贸易保护和自由贸易两大政治联盟围绕关税政策进行了激烈的斗争,从而导致美国早期的关税政策呈现一种“钟摆式”的摇晃。19世纪中期的南北战争之后,美国逆“国际潮流”而动,彻底进入了一个贸易保护主义的新时代。这对美国第二次工业革命具有重要的意义。美国关税保护政策的最终形成和巩固是贸易保护联盟在国会政治中全面获胜的结果,而背后的根源在于一个统一的国内市场形成之后,经济要素逐渐从传统支持自由贸易的农业流向支持贸易保护的制造业,这决定性地改变了国会中贸易政治联盟的力量对比,贸易保护联盟彻底战胜自由贸易联盟,推动美国的关税政策走向全面的贸易保护主义。
In the first half of the 19th century, the two major political alliances in the United States, which were based on geographical protection and free trade, fiercely struggled around the tariff policy. As a result, the early U.S. tariff policy was shaking at a “pendulum.” After the Civil War in the mid-19th century, the United States moved completely against the “international trend” and entered a new era of trade protectionism. This is of great significance to the second industrial revolution in the United States. The final formation and consolidation of the tariff protection policy in the United States is the result of the overall victory of the trade protection alliance in parliamentary politics. The reason behind this is that after a unified domestic market is formed, the economic elements gradually shift from the traditional agriculture supporting free trade to the one supporting trade protection Manufacturing, which decisively changed the power of trade and political alliances in Congress, the Union of Trade Unions completely defeated the Free Trade Association and pushed the U.S. tariff policy towards comprehensive trade protectionism.