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本文考察:1）6个充满活力的亚洲经济实体—香港、韩国、马来西亚、新加坡、台湾和泰国的政府如何对《蒙特利尔议定书》所提出的挑战做出反应,以削减它们的臭氧耗损物质如氯氟烃（CFC）和甲基氯仿（MC）的消费量;2）这些经济实体中的电子公司如何解决在其清洗操作中代替CFC-113和MC所涉及的技术问题和其它问题。它说明不同的国家控制战略和政策框架能如何形成对节约和循环利用的刺激;实行定量限制的国家一直十分有效地削减CFC消费量。一旦实行配额,政府就很容易设计一种分配制度;使它们能获得大量配额租金来资助那些旨在有利于淘汰工作的措施。通过节约措施实现的大幅度削减只增加相当少的成本。本文也认为《蒙特利尔议定书》的贸易条款和美国的CFC税已经对这些高度面向出口的经济实体的政府对策和公司业务产生重要影响。 本文列举了可用于CFC替代的主要备选方案,并根据实地调查,确认了其迅速采用的某些技术、信息和资金障碍。同时,它说明了许多电子公司如何成功地克服这些障碍。虽然目前已取得了颇大进展,但随着替代进程的推移,边际成本可能更急剧地上升:简而言之,最后10％的削减可能远比前90％更难。 不同国家中各公司阅历长短和技术能力水平的差异,强烈地决定它们在寻找CFC代用品方面的积极性和创造
This article examines: 1) How six governments in six dynamic Asian economies—Hong Kong, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand reacted to the challenge of the Montreal Protocol—to reduce their ozone-depleting substances such as chlorine. Consumption of fluorocarbons (CFCs) and methyl chloroform (MC); 2) How the electronics companies in these economic entities solve the technical and other issues involved in replacing CFC-113 and MC in their cleaning operations. It illustrates how different national control strategies and policy frameworks can stimulate savings and recycling; countries that impose quantitative restrictions have been very effective in reducing CFC consumption. Once quotas are implemented, it is easy for the government to design a distribution system; that is, they can obtain a large amount of quota rents to finance measures that are designed to facilitate the elimination of work. Significant reductions achieved through cost-saving measures only increase the cost considerably. This article also considers that the Montreal Protocol’s trade terms and the US CFC tax have had a major impact on the government measures and corporate business of these highly export-oriented economic entities. This article lists the major alternatives available for CFC replacement and confirms some of the rapid adoption of certain technical, information, and financial barriers based on field surveys. At the same time, it illustrates how many electronics companies have successfully overcome these obstacles. Although considerable progress has been made, the marginal cost may rise sharply as the alternative process progresses: In short, the last 10% of cuts may be far more difficult than the first 90%. Differences in the length of experience and technical capabilities of companies in different countries strongly determine their enthusiasm and creativity in finding CFC substitutes.