“汉萨”“汉萨同盟”和“行会”等是西欧中世纪史研究中常见的一组概念,它们皆与商业活动有关。三者在存续的时间和空间上,以及在组织制度、社会构成和活动领域等方面存在着一些差异,但词源学的考察表明,它们之间有着密切的内在关联。从词源看,“汉萨”是指中世纪早期的日耳曼行商共同体,常被看作中世纪“行会”和德意志“汉萨同盟”的雏形。“汉萨同盟”作为中世纪自治共同体发展的顶峰,也是一种特殊的“行会”形式。从职能看,“行会”对内平衡对外垄断的保护宗旨同样在“商人汉萨”和“汉萨同盟”的组织制度中有所体现。因此,对三者共性的考察不仅有助于梳理hansa词根下各共同体历史沿革的脉络,也有助于理解西欧经济社会诸要素在长时段变迁中的连续性特征。 Hanseatic, Hanseatic League and Guilds are all common concepts in the study of medieval history in Western Europe, all related to commercial activities. There are some differences between the three in the time and space of existence, as well as in organizational system, social composition and activities, but the etymological study shows that there is a close internal connection between them. From the etymology, “Han Sa ” refers to the Early Middle Ages of Germanic traders community, often seen as the medieval “guild ” and Germany “Hanseatic League ” prototype. As the summit of the development of the autonomous community in the Middle Ages, the “Hanseatic League” is also a special “guild” form. From the perspective of functions, the protection purpose of “guild” in balancing internal monopolies with foreign powers is also reflected in the organizational system of “merchant Hansar” and “Hanseatic alliance”. Therefore, the study of the commonness of the three not only helps to sort out the context of the historical evolution of the communities in the Hanas, but also helps to understand the continuity of the economic and social elements in Western Europe over a long period of time.