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外界环境中的化学物质通过两条主要途径到达肺脏:呼吸道与血液。不管那条途径侵入,许多化学物质皆能干扰生物化学过程,最终甚至危害肺脏的主要功能——气体交换。在一系列能改变肺脏生化的环境毒物中,光化学烟雾中的主要成分臭氧与二氧化氮以及吸烟产生的大气污染物质会引起人体的慢性肺疾患。通过血液将化学物质带到肺脏也可发生急性或慢性肺疾患,抗肿瘤物质(如马利兰、争光霉素、环磷酰胺)、抗菌素、降压药以及某些药物皆能引起人体肺疾患。有些化学物质如除莠剂、百草枯,可引起严重的肺损伤,这可能是由于它们选择性地蓄积于肺之故。乙醇与CCl主要通过肺脏排出,因此也引起细胞损伤。动物或人如摄入存在于霉菌或植物中的化学物质,可引起急性肺水肿。某些药物,虽然其药理作用彼此无关,但可使实验动物产生类似人体的肺泡蛋白沉积症。
The chemicals in the environment reach the lungs in two main ways: the respiratory tract and the bloodstream. Whatever path is intruded, many chemicals interfere with the biochemical process and eventually endanger the lung’s main function - gas exchange. In a series of environmental toxicants that can change the biochemistry of the lungs, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, the main components of photochemical smog, and atmospheric pollutants from smoking can cause chronic lung diseases in the body. Acute or chronic lung disease can also occur through the bloodstream of chemicals into the lungs. Anti-tumor substances such as malamin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, antibiotics, antihypertensive drugs, and certain medications can cause lung problems in humans. Some chemicals, such as herbicides and paraquat, can cause severe lung damage, probably due to their selective accumulation in the lungs. Ethanol and CCl are mainly excreted through the lungs and therefore also cause cell damage. Animals or humans who ingest chemicals found in molds or plants can cause acute pulmonary edema. Some drugs, although pharmacological effects have nothing to do with each other, but can make laboratory animals produce human-like alveolar proteinosis.