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本文提出一种载人航天系统的新型设计思想 ,即以航天员为本的设计思想。文章首先论述了什么是以人为本的设计思想 ,指出以人为本的设计思想就是在系统设计中将人的作用作为设计的根本、中心和依据。以往的系统设计都是用以技术为本的设计思想 ,但实践证明以技术为本的设计思想存在严重问题 ,导致一系列重大事故 ,因而为以人为本的设计思想所取代。文章介绍了国际民航组织发表的以人为本的自动化的 1 0条设计原则 ,另外又介绍了美国航空航天局约翰逊航天中心的人适合性要求。但前者不适合载人航天系统 ,而后者又没有明确以人为本的设计原则 ,因此文章根据航天医学工程研究所医工结合的长期实践和人 -机 -环境系统工程的理论 ,提出一套以航天员为本的设计要求。该设计要求共分 4大类 ,即对载人航天系统设计的总要求、人 -机关系、人 -环关系和人际关系要求。设计要求中特别强调航天员在载人航天系统中始终处于中心位置 ,载人航天系统的设计应从航天员的安全、健康和作用出发 ,应在确保航天员安全、健康和作用的前提下进行载人航天系统的设计。因此应成立一个由航天医学工程方面的专家 ,航天工效学专家和航天员构成的专家组参加载人航天系统的设计、测试和验收 ,并协助飞行控制总指挥完成飞行实施阶段的指?
This paper presents a new design concept of manned space system, that is, astronaut-based design ideas. The article first discusses what is the people-oriented design idea, points out that the people-oriented design idea is to regard the human’s function as the fundamental, the center and the basis of the design in the system design. In the past, system design was all based on the technology-based design idea. However, the practice proved that the design idea of the technology-based has serious problems, which led to a series of major accidents and thus replaced by people-oriented design ideas. The article introduces 10 design principles of people-centered automation published by ICAO. It also introduces the human suitability requirements of the NASA Johnson Space Center. However, the former is not suitable for manned space system, and the latter does not have a clear and people-oriented design principle. Therefore, according to the long-term practice of combination of medical and aerospace engineering and the theory of man-machine-environment system engineering, Based on the design requirements. The design requirements are divided into four categories, namely, the general requirements for manned space system design, man-machine relationship, people-ring relationship and interpersonal requirements. In the design requirements, special emphasis is placed on the astronaut being always at the center of the manned space system. The design of the manned space system should be based on the safety, health and role of the astronaut. It should be conducted under the premise of ensuring the safety, health and function of the astronaut Human Space System Design. Therefore, an expert group composed of experts in space medicine engineering, aerospace ergonomics experts and astronauts should be set up to participate in the design, testing and acceptance of the manned space system and assist the general commander of flight control in completing the implementation phase of the flight.