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本文根据2000年人口普查分县市数据，以及基于新的计算预期寿命的方法对我国2000年不同地区人口预期寿命重新进行计算和分析，结果发现：首先，各省市实际人口预期寿命的水平比国家统计局公布的相关数据低6-10岁左右，并且健康状况水平越低、经济发展越不发达的省市两者差额越大；其次，健康水平越低的省市其省内健康状况不平等程度越严重；再次，不同地区人口健康状况的差异主要体现在0岁、1-4岁年龄组；最后，不同县市在0岁、1-4岁组年龄段的死亡差异主要表现为省市间的差异。因此，本文指出，针对目前人口健康水平低的地区或省市尤其是少儿人群的健康状况改善的措施可以更好地消除地区之间健康状况的差异。“,”Using a new concrete method of calculating and decomposing health measurements such as life expectancy, and data at county level from China＇s 2000 Population Census, this paper attempts to address the health inequality within and among provinces and their determinants. The main conclusions are as follow： provincial actual life expectancies are about 6 to 10 years less than official ones announced by the National Bureau of Statistics, and the less developing of the province, the more severe is the official overestimation. Second, within health inequality is severer for those provinces in worse health status. Third, differences in mortality rates for under-five children mainly contribute to variations in health status among different regions. Forth, within-province inequality of mortality and death rates for under-five children mainly causes the national variations in these rates at county level. All of the above boil down to that health inequality among regions can be better improved if the governments favor more the currently less healthy provinces especially pay more attentions to the young in these areas.