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当代国际著名学者,1978年诺贝尔经济奖得主西蒙(Simon,H.A.)在其名著《人工科学》(1962年初版)中认为,设计是一种“以将现存情形改变成想望情形为目标而构想行动方案”的过程,它是。将专业(Profession)和科学区分开的主要标志,是工程、建筑、商业、医疗、法律、教育等一切专业学科的核心”。然而,在科学至上的年代,西蒙的见解并没有为专业教育界尤其是工程教育界所重视。战后美国工程教育由于价值取向失衡,加之“冷战”期间受战略武器竞赛影响,在实践中出现了重“分析性教学”(科学教学)轻“综合性教学’(设计教学)的偏向,在一定意义上致使美国制造业在国际竞争中丧失优势地位。80年代初美国工程教育界开始认真反思战后工程教育的利弊得失。随后,在国际“商战”的不断刺激下,美国为了振兴经济,谋求制造业在国际竞争中的优势地位,提出了“为竞争的优势而设计”的口号,进而引发了关于工程教育改革和工程设计教育复兴的一系列讨论和试验。本文就是在这一背景下回顾了50年代初以来美国工程(设计)教育的演变历程,并对期间一系列有影响的工程教育研究报告要求增加设计教学份量的建议及其在实施中屡屡受挫作了精辟的分析。本文对于了解战后美国工程教育的历史演变和发展动向,对于加快和深化我国专业教育尤其是?
Contemporary international scholar, 1978 Nobel laureate in economics Simon (HA), in his famous book “Artificial Sciences” (first edition of 1962), considered design as a “vision to change an existing situation into a desirable one Action plan ”process, it is. The key hallmark of distinguishing Profession from science is at the heart of all disciplines of engineering, architecture, commerce, healthcare, law, education, etc. However, in the age of science, Simon’s view was not for the professional education community Especially engineering education.With the imbalance of value orientation and post-war strategic arms race in the “Cold War”, post-war American engineering education emerged as a “comprehensive teaching” of “analytical teaching” (science teaching) (Design teaching), in a certain sense, caused the U.S. manufacturing industry to lose its dominant position in the international competition. In the early 1980s, the engineering education community in the United States began to seriously reflect on the pros and cons of post-war engineering education. Subsequently, under the constant stimulation of the international “commercial warfare”, the United States put forward the slogan of “designing for competition advantages” in order to rejuvenate the economy and seek the dominance of the manufacturing industry in international competition. This in turn led to the reform on engineering education and engineering A series of discussions and experiments designed to revive education. Based on this background, this article reviews the evolution of engineering education in the United States since the early 1950s and makes recommendations to a series of influential engineering education research studies that require increasing the design of teaching contents and frustration in their implementation Brilliant analysis. This article is to understand the history of the post-war American engineering education evolution and development trends, in order to accelerate and deepen our professional education in particular?