糖尿病(DM)是一组以糖类、蛋白质和脂类代谢异常为特征,造成血糖水平升高的内分泌性疾病。目前全世界糖尿病患者数量超过2.2亿,而且预计到2030年这个数字会翻倍。糖尿病引起血糖升高的原因包括胰岛素分泌绝对缺乏、胰岛素效力降低或两者共同作用。胰岛素由胰腺中胰岛的β细胞生成和分泌。葡萄糖作为细胞能量的来源,在胰岛素的作用下进入细胞内。当胰岛素效力降低或者合成不足时,葡萄糖在血液中蓄积,表现为糖耐量减低,同时,肝脏生成的葡萄糖不断输出,使血糖升高,或最终发生糖尿病。糖尿病对包括大血管系统(心脏)和微血管系统(眼、神经、肾脏和口腔牙 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of endocrine disorders characterized by abnormal carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism that result in elevated blood glucose levels. There are currently more than 220 million diabetics worldwide, and the number is expected to double by 2030. The causes of diabetes caused by elevated blood glucose, including absolute lack of insulin secretion, reduced insulin potency or a combination of the two. Insulin is produced and secreted by pancreatic islet beta cells. As a source of cellular energy, glucose enters the cell under the action of insulin. When insulin potency is reduced or under-synthesized, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream as a result of impaired glucose tolerance and, at the same time, the liver produces glucose that continually increases blood sugar and ultimately diabetes. Diabetes mellitus includes the major vascular system (heart) and microvasculature (eye, nerve, kidney and oral teeth