Toll样受体(Toll like receptors,TLRs)是模式识别受体家族的一员,在哺乳动物中至今已发现有11种TLRs。TLRs识别病毒后能够刺激前炎症因子的产生,激活抗原提呈细胞,启动机体的天然免疫和获得性免疫,是连接天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁。激活的TLRs既可促进机体抗病毒保护免疫反应,也可恶化病毒诱导的疾病。本文综述了TLRs与病毒的相互作用以及在病毒感染中的正负反馈调节作用,对深入了解病毒的致病机制和发展抗病毒疗法具有指导意义。 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are members of the pattern recognition receptor family and so far, 11 TLRs have been found in mammals. Recognizing the virus, TLRs can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate antigen-presenting cells and activate the innate and adaptive immunity of the body, which is a bridge linking innate and acquired immunity. Activated TLRs can both promote the body’s antiviral protection of the immune response, but also exacerbate virus-induced diseases. This review summarizes the interactions between TLRs and viruses as well as positive and negative feedback regulation in viral infection, which is of guiding significance for understanding the pathogenesis of virus and developing anti-virus therapy.