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随着社会的发展,出于农业、生活和工业用途,对流域水资源的取用和消耗日渐增多,从而削弱了流域满足各部门和各利益团体不断增长的需求的能力。如果全年或1a中有部分时间不能满足生活、农业、工业或环境用途新增的调配水量,则流域是关闭的。目前,在世界各地,流域关闭业已成为普遍现象,有14亿人口生活在业已关闭或即将关闭的流域。管理不善的关闭流域具有地下水超采、环境流量有限甚至没有保留、污染以及水量分配不公平等症状。社会可采用多种方式应对这种情况,主要手段是重新分配水资源、需水管理或跨流域调水。
With the development of society, the increasing use and consumption of water resources in the basin due to agricultural, domestic and industrial uses have weakened the basin’s ability to meet the growing needs of various departments and various interest groups. The catchment will be closed if some of the year-round or 1a does not meet the new allocation of water for domestic, agricultural, industrial or environmental uses. At present, basin closures have become a common phenomenon all over the world, with 1.4 billion people living in watersheds that have been closed or are about to be closed down. Poorly managed closed basins have symptoms of over-exploitation of groundwater, limited or no retention of environmental flows, pollution and unfair distribution of water. There are many ways in which societies can respond to this situation. The main means are redistribution of water resources, water management or water transfer across the basin.