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人所具有的高度发达的思维、情感和审慎行事的能力,使人与自然界的其余部分有了天壤之别。偶尔,在其他动物的这里或那里,人们也许会发现这种能力的萌芽、这种能力的近似物、或这种能力的一些有限的要素;但是,高级发展阶段的产物即被称之为精神的现象,在自然界中却是独一无二的。从某种意义上来说,精神的存在是在一种极为不同的现象中反映出来的,如:痒和疼这类感觉,意象,感知,情绪,记忆,期待,欲望,确信,推论和其他类型的推理,梦,动机,选择,动作,性格和个性的特点,以及无意识等等。
The highly developed mind, the emotion, and the ability to act cautiously, make the difference between man and the rest of nature. Occasionally, one may find, in or on other animals, the sprouting of this ability, an approximation of this ability, or some finite element of this ability; however, the product of the advanced stages of development is called the spirit The phenomenon in nature is unique. In a sense, the existence of the mind is reflected in a very different phenomenon, such as feelings of itch and pain, image, perception, emotion, memory, expectation, desire, conviction, corollary and other types Reasoning, dreaming, motivation, choice, motivation, personality and personality traits, as well as unconsciousness and more.