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根据演化路径不同,标准可以分为工艺标准和技术标准。其中,技术标准是企业之间竞争的高级形式,标准战略也是优秀企业、特别是大型跨国公司目前最愿意采用的竞争手段。由于处于不同的发展阶段,中国企业与发达国家跨国公司存在技术水平、资本实力和市场势力多方面的差距。信息化与工业化同步、技术禀赋落后、技术轨迹缺乏连续性、企业联盟松散是中国企业技术标准战略环境的鲜明特点。也正因为中国企业面临特殊的战略环境,技术标准战略的要素应该包括用户基础、制造能力、互补潜力、专利开放度、产品成熟度、技术规模性和国内市场独立性。目前,我国企业在各个战略要素的表现不尽相同,但从总体上看,技术标准是必须得到重视的。技术标准可以通过独立创造、加入标准联盟、被迫接受等方式获得。根据各个行业的不同情况,企业可以采取的战略措施包括创造标准、引进标准、改进标准和释放标准。
According to different evolution path, the standard can be divided into process standard and technical standard. Among them, the technical standards are the advanced forms of competition among enterprises, and the standard strategies are also outstanding enterprises, especially the competitive means most large multinational corporations are currently willing to adopt. Due to their different stages of development, multinational corporations in China and developed countries have many differences in technology, capital strength and market power. The synchronization between informationization and industrialization, the backward technological endowments, the lack of continuity in technological track and the loose alliance of enterprises are the distinctive characteristics of the strategic environment of Chinese enterprises’ technical standards. It is also because Chinese enterprises are faced with a special strategic environment. The elements of the technical standard strategy should include the user base, manufacturing capability, complementary potential, patent openness, product maturity, technological scale and domestic market independence. At present, the performance of Chinese enterprises in various strategic elements varies, but on the whole, technical standards must be taken seriously. Technical standards can be obtained through independent creation, joining a standard coalition, forced acceptance, etc. Depending on the circumstances of each industry, the strategic measures companies can take include creating standards, introducing standards, improving standards, and releasing standards.