本报告的目的把东京与上海直接进行比较,在方法上存在很大困难。这是因为作为国家政治文化中心的首都,东京应该与北京更具可比性。在近代以前的日本,实际上存在着发挥不同作用的两个首都,即作为象征性的、文化中心的京都和作为政治军事中心的江户。而在近代以后,日本首都东京作为政治文化中心,而大阪则成为了最重要的商业经济中心,这两大都市各有其特色和作用。 The purpose of this report is to compare Tokyo directly with Shanghai and there are major methodological difficulties. This is because Tokyo, as the capital of the country’s political and cultural center, should be more comparable with Beijing. In modern Japan, there were in fact two capitals that played different roles: Kyoto as a symbolic and cultural center and Edo as a political and military center. In modern times, Tokyo, the capital of Japan, served as a political and cultural center, while Osaka became the most important commercial and economic center. Each of these two metropolitan areas has its own unique features and functions.