设领制度是近代国际关系的产物。它体现了日益扩大的国与国之间一种平等关系。为了照顾各自的商务，都可通过协商互派使节驻在对方国家。但清统治者的“天朝”观念和自给自足的自然经济，执行着一种闭关锁国政策。鸦片战争，西方列强用武力轰丹了中国的大门，迫使清政府不得不 Set system is the product of modern international relations. It embodies an ever-expanding equality of relations between nations. In order to take care of their respective businesses, diplomats may be sent to each other’s countries by negotiation. However, the “heavenly” concept of the Qing rulers and the self-sufficient natural economy implemented a policy of “closed-door policy.” During the Opium War, Western powers used the force to stir up the door to China and forced the Qing government to have to