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一、笛卡儿的困境 提出心物二元论的人不算少,但以笛卡儿最著名。他推崇的认知方法着眼于对象的分割、形状和运动,这种方法的优点在于倚重自明的观念;不过,笛卡儿很快就知道,有些对象没有可割性、形状和运动可言;于是提出心物二元论,指出对象如果有分割、形状和运动可言,便统称为“物”,否则便统称为“心”;两者都可知,所用的方法和概念却不相同。虽然如此,笛卡儿毕竟没有切断心物之间的联系,他清楚地表明了人由心物两种实体合并而成,承认心通过意念引发行动;如果是这样,行动便有别与笛卡儿所指的物,也有别于他所指的心;那么,行为究竟是物还是心呢?这个问题不好回答,让笛卡儿陷入困境。
First, the predicament of Cartesian mind-person dualism is not less people, but the most famous Cartesian. His method of cognition focuses on the division, shape, and movement of objects. The advantage of this method is its reliance on self-evident ideas; however, Descartes soon learns that some objects are not divisible, that their shapes and movements speak at all; Therefore, he proposed the duality theory of mind and mind, pointing out that if the object is divided, the shape and the movement can be said, they are collectively referred to as “things”, otherwise collectively referred to as the “heart”; both can know that the methods and concepts are not the same. Nonetheless, Descartes, after all, did not cut off the connection between the mind and the heart, clearly showing that man was formed by merging two entities of mind and mind, and admitting that mind initiates action through thought; if so, action is distinct from Descartes What is meant by the children is different from what he refers to; then, what exactly is the act or the thing? The question is not answered well, leaving Descartes in trouble.