论文部分内容阅读
在英语中,表达肯定意义的事实或看法的句子称之为肯定句,一般通过不同的说话口气和手段表达千变万化的肯定意义。用来否定句子的肯定意向或提出对比的句子称之为否定句。判定一个句子是肯定还是否定时,我们多会首先从形式上加以裁判。汉语“不”“非”等,在英语里用“no”“not”等来表示否定;而“是”用“yes”来表示肯定。在绝大多数时候,句子的形式及其传达的意义是统一的。然而,无论中文还是英文,都会出现由于表达习惯、语气的不同以及修辞等目的,用否定句式表达肯定含义,用肯定形式表达否定含义等言不由衷的情况。下面就具体谈一谈。
一、肯定的表达
1.通过说话口气的差异表达肯定程度的差异
如:The girl might be Ella.(可能性最小)
The girl may be Ella.(可能性稍大)
The girl should be Ella.(较上句大)
The girl must be Ella.(可能性最大)
2.通过词重读的不同表达不同的肯定效果
如:I finished the work yesterday.(强调的是I)
I finished the work yesterday. (强调的是finished)
I finished `the work yesterday. (强调的是the work)
I finished the work `yesterday. (强调的是yesterday)
3.通过使用不同的强调词,表达不同的肯定的效果
I am indeed very happy.(特别强调)
She is really a good girl.(特别强调)
4.通过一些否定句式或特殊句式达到表达肯定的意思
(1)词汇和短语手段。Can not/couldn`t或can/could 否定词(not,never,hardly,scarcely,etc)。eg: I can`t wait to move to the new flat. (=I`m excited to move to the new flat.)
(2)否定词(no,not,little,nothing,none,nobody,etc) 与but,beyond,except,etc)连用。eg: Nobody but Mary saw the film yesterday.(=Only Mary saw the film.)
(3)使用否定形式的虚拟语气表示肯定意思。eg: If he had not study hard, he could not go to college now.(Thanks to his hard work, he is in college now.)
(4)否定的一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,过去时的no sooner…than或含有not 表瞬间动作的动词 till/untill短语或从句均可用来表示肯定意思。eg1: Don`t you think we should try again?(=I think we should try again.)eg2: There is a lift, but why not use the lift?(=You should use the lift since there is a lift.) eg3: No sooner had she got to Guangzhou, she called me.(=She called me the moment she reached Guangzhou.)eg4: He didn`t come back till 12:00(=He came back at 12:00.)
二、否定的表达
1.假设法
用过去式和过去完成式分别表示现在和过去事实相反的假设的虚拟语气肯定句表达否定意思。eg1:If I had time to spare,I would see you .(In fact, I had no time ,and I would not see you .)eg2:If I had had the money I should have paid you.(In fact,I have no money to pay you.)
2.修辞疑问句也可表否定意思
What `s the use.(=It`s no use .)
What more do you want? (= you should not ask for more. )
Who doesn`t know? (= Everybody knows.)
3. 一些名词、动词或形容词短语、介词短语也可表示否定
eg: I am a stranger in this city.(=I am not familiar with this city.);
eg: I missed the early bus.(I didn`t catch the early bus.)
eg: He is the last man I want to see.(=I don`t want to see him at all.)
eg: I’d like all kinds of food except noodle.(=I don’t like to noodle.)
4.在复合句中包含before引出的状语从句表否定
eg: He left before I got there(=when I got there he wasn`t there.)
5.此外,还有不少常见的表示否定的习惯说法
eg: God knowns him.(No one knows him.)
eg: I`ll be damned if it is ture.(It can`t happen.)
eg: Not so sad.(It`s good.)
6.形容词加前缀也可表示否定
eg :The result is inaccurate.(The result is not accurate.)
eg: He is a dishonest man.(He is not honest.)
eg: Your words are illogical .(Your words are not logical.)
總之,英语中表达肯定和否定含义的句式形式多样。因此在学习英语的过程中,不仅要注意语句的表层结构更要研究其深层结构。认真研究其形式和传达的意义之间各种不同类型的生成关系,才能灵活应用,更好地理解句子的意思。
(作者单位:海南省高级技工学校)
一、肯定的表达
1.通过说话口气的差异表达肯定程度的差异
如:The girl might be Ella.(可能性最小)
The girl may be Ella.(可能性稍大)
The girl should be Ella.(较上句大)
The girl must be Ella.(可能性最大)
2.通过词重读的不同表达不同的肯定效果
如:I finished the work yesterday.(强调的是I)
I finished the work yesterday. (强调的是finished)
I finished `the work yesterday. (强调的是the work)
I finished the work `yesterday. (强调的是yesterday)
3.通过使用不同的强调词,表达不同的肯定的效果
I am indeed very happy.(特别强调)
She is really a good girl.(特别强调)
4.通过一些否定句式或特殊句式达到表达肯定的意思
(1)词汇和短语手段。Can not/couldn`t或can/could 否定词(not,never,hardly,scarcely,etc)。eg: I can`t wait to move to the new flat. (=I`m excited to move to the new flat.)
(2)否定词(no,not,little,nothing,none,nobody,etc) 与but,beyond,except,etc)连用。eg: Nobody but Mary saw the film yesterday.(=Only Mary saw the film.)
(3)使用否定形式的虚拟语气表示肯定意思。eg: If he had not study hard, he could not go to college now.(Thanks to his hard work, he is in college now.)
(4)否定的一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,过去时的no sooner…than或含有not 表瞬间动作的动词 till/untill短语或从句均可用来表示肯定意思。eg1: Don`t you think we should try again?(=I think we should try again.)eg2: There is a lift, but why not use the lift?(=You should use the lift since there is a lift.) eg3: No sooner had she got to Guangzhou, she called me.(=She called me the moment she reached Guangzhou.)eg4: He didn`t come back till 12:00(=He came back at 12:00.)
二、否定的表达
1.假设法
用过去式和过去完成式分别表示现在和过去事实相反的假设的虚拟语气肯定句表达否定意思。eg1:If I had time to spare,I would see you .(In fact, I had no time ,and I would not see you .)eg2:If I had had the money I should have paid you.(In fact,I have no money to pay you.)
2.修辞疑问句也可表否定意思
What `s the use.(=It`s no use .)
What more do you want? (= you should not ask for more. )
Who doesn`t know? (= Everybody knows.)
3. 一些名词、动词或形容词短语、介词短语也可表示否定
eg: I am a stranger in this city.(=I am not familiar with this city.);
eg: I missed the early bus.(I didn`t catch the early bus.)
eg: He is the last man I want to see.(=I don`t want to see him at all.)
eg: I’d like all kinds of food except noodle.(=I don’t like to noodle.)
4.在复合句中包含before引出的状语从句表否定
eg: He left before I got there(=when I got there he wasn`t there.)
5.此外,还有不少常见的表示否定的习惯说法
eg: God knowns him.(No one knows him.)
eg: I`ll be damned if it is ture.(It can`t happen.)
eg: Not so sad.(It`s good.)
6.形容词加前缀也可表示否定
eg :The result is inaccurate.(The result is not accurate.)
eg: He is a dishonest man.(He is not honest.)
eg: Your words are illogical .(Your words are not logical.)
總之,英语中表达肯定和否定含义的句式形式多样。因此在学习英语的过程中,不仅要注意语句的表层结构更要研究其深层结构。认真研究其形式和传达的意义之间各种不同类型的生成关系,才能灵活应用,更好地理解句子的意思。
(作者单位:海南省高级技工学校)